Abstract
Background/Objectives:
There is limited evidence that prominent calorie labelling on out-of-home meals helps consumers reduce calorie intakes and avoid weight gain, but no evidence on its effects on macro- and micro-nutrients. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of prominent calorie labelling on energy, macro- and micro-nutrients.
Subjects/Methods:
Young adults in a catered residential setting were observed when choosing main meals over three study periods in fixed order in this observational study. Period 1: with calorie labels (20 weeks); period 2: without calorie labels (10 weeks); period 3: with calorie labels plus information on estimated energy requirements (10 weeks). Nutrient contents of meal choices were analysed from food composition tables.
Results:
Energy, 4 macronutrients and 19 micronutrients levels were derived from 4200 meals chosen by 120 subjects over 40 weeks. Means (s.d. or Median) for key macro- and micro-nutrients were for period 1: energy=658 (94) kcal, fat=31 (8.6) g, saturated fat=10.5 (2.7) g, B12=2.5 (1.7) μg, folate=119 (46.8) μg, vitamin C=80.0 (42) mg, Ca=278 (129) mg, Na=1230 (119) mg, Fe=22 (10) g, Se=19 (10.1) μg, I=34 (10.1) μg, period 2: energy=723 (87) kcal, fat=35 (7.6) g, saturated fat=12 (2.7) g, B12=3.4 (1.7) μg, Folate=182 (13.3) μg, vitamin C=87.0 (49.7) mg, Ca=379 (149) mg, Na=1352 (114) mg, Fe=41.6 (14) g, Se=26 (10.3) μg, I=38.0 (18.4) μg, period 3: energy=578 (109) kcal, fat=27.3 (9.1) g, saturated fat=8.5 (2.7) g, B12=2.2 (0.5) μg, Folate=90 (50.8) μg, vitamin C=75.0 (34) mg, Ca=277 (119) mg, Na=1205 (99) mg, Fe=14.5 (10.9) g, Se=15.0 (10) μg, I=32.0 (18.4) μg. All macro- and micro-nutrients, except for B1, vitamin C, vitamin E and Ca were significantly different between the three periods (P<0.001), but all mean intakes remained above recommended levels.
Conclusions:
Calorie labelling resulted in reductions in calories, fat and saturated fat contents of the meals chosen, without compromising micronutrient consumptions.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
World Health Organization (WHO) 2014: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ (accessed on 10 April 2015).
Unites States Department of Agriculture Economic Service Research (USDA) http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-choices-health/food-consumption-demand/food-away-from-home.aspx (accessed on 10 April 2015).
Young LR, Nestle M . The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. Am J Public Health. 2002; 92: 246–249.
Lin B-H, Guthrie J, Frazao E Nutrient contribution of food away from home. In: Frazao E (ed.) America's Eating Habits: Changes and Consequences, vol 750. US Dept of Agriculture, Economic Research Service: Washington, DC, USA, 1999.
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Family Food https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/193804/familyfood-2011report.pdf (accessed on 23 August 2014).
Urban LE, Lichtenstein AH, Gary CE, Fierstein JL, Equi A, Kussmaul C, Dallal GE, Roberts SB . The energy content of restaurant foods without stated calorie information. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173: 1292–1299.
Scourboutakos MJ, Semnani-Azad Z, L’Abbe MR . Restaurant meals: almost a full day’s worth of calories, fats, and sodium. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 100: 6–23.
Block JP, Condon SK, Kleinman K, Mullen J, Linakis S, Rifas-Shiman S, Gillman MW . Consumers' estimation of calorie content at fast food restaurants: cross sectional observational study. Br Med J 2013; 346: f2907.
Farley TA, Caffarelli A, Bassett MT, Silver L, Frieden TR . New York City‘s flight over calorie labelling. Health Affair 2009; 28: w1098–w1109.
New York State Rest Assoc v New York City Bd of Health, Declaration of David B. Allison, PhD, No. 08 Civ 1000 (RJH) (SDNY 2008).
US Food and Drug administration (FDA). Menu and Vending Machines labelling requirements 2015: http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm217762.htm (accessed on 10 April 2015).
Foods Standards Australia and New Zealand. Labelling http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/industry/labelling/pages/default.aspx (accessed on 10 April 2015).
Department of Health. Responsibility Deal https://responsibilitydeal.dh.gov.uk/ (accessed on 10 April 2015).
Nikolaou CK, Hankey CR, Lean MEJ . Calorie-labelling: Does it impact on calorie purchase in catering outlets and the views of young adults? Inter J Obes 2015; 39: 542–545.
Elbel B, Kersh R, Brescoll VL, Dixon B . Calorie-labeling and food choices: A first look at the effects on low-income people in New York city. Health Affair 2009; 10: 1377.
Department of Health. Technical guidance on voluntary calorie labelling for catering businesses 2011 http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Publichealthresponsibilitydeal/BecomingaResponsibilityDealpartner/DH_126217 (accessed on 10 April 2015).
Nikolaou CK, Hankey CR, Lean MEJ . Preventing weight gain with calorie labelling. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22: 2277–2283.
Food Standards Agency. FSA nutrient and food based guidelines for UK institutions http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/nutguideuk.pdf.
World Health Organization (WHO) Dietary Recommendations/Nutritional requirements http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/nutrecomm/en/ (accessed on 10 April 2015).
Ludwig DS, Brownell KD . Public health amid scientific uncertainty: The case of restaurant calorie-labelling regulations. JAMA 2009; 302: 434–435.
Grunert KG, Wills JM . A review of European research on consumer response to nutrition information on food labels. J Public Health 2007; 15: 385–399.
News From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Restaurant Customers Do Use Calorie Information on Menus. JAMA 2014; 312: 883.
Berman M, Lavizzo-Marey R . Obesity prevention in the information age: Caloric information at the point of purchase. JAMA 2008; 300: 433–435.
Blumenthal K, Volpp KG . Enhancing the effectiveness of food labeling in restaurants. JAMA 2010; 303: 553–554.
Lewis CE, Jacobs DR, McCreath H, Kiefe CI, Schreiner PJ, Smith DE, Williams OD . Weight gain continues in the 1990 s: 10-year trends in weight and overweight from the CARDIA study. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 151: 1172–1181.
Lean MEJ, Katsarou C, McLoone P, Morrison DS . Changes in BMI and waist circumference in Scottish adults: use of repeated cross-sectional surveys to explore multiple age groups and birth-cohorts. Int J Obes 2013; 37: 800–808.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the catering staff for assisting us in the conducting of this study. CKN conceived the idea, carried out the study, collected and analysed the data, written and reviewed the manuscript, CRH reviewed the manuscript, MEJL conceived the idea, analysed the data, wrote and reviewed the manuscript. CKN received a scholarship from the State Scholarship Foundation of Greece.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nikolaou, C., Hankey, C. & Lean, M. Effects of calorie labelling on macro- and micro-nutrients in main-meal choices made by young adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 70, 386–392 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.175
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.175
This article is cited by
-
Large-scale regionalised LCA shows that plant-based fat spreads have a lower climate, land occupation and water scarcity impact than dairy butter
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (2020)