Abstract
The major challenges that delay the implementation of pharmacogenomics based clinical practice in the developing countries, primarily the low- and middle-income countries need to be recognized. This review was conducted to systematically review evidence of the cost-effectiveness for the conduct of pharmacogenomics testing in the developing countries. Studies that evaluated the cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomics testing in the developing countries as defined by the United Nations were included in this study. Twenty-seven articles met the criteria. Pharmacogenomics effectiveness were evaluated for drugs used in the treatment of cancers, cardiovascular diseases and severe cutaneous adverse reactions in gout and epilepsy. Most studies had reported pharmacogenomics testing to be cost-effective (cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and tuberculosis) and economic models were evaluated from multiple perspectives, different cost categories and time horizons. Additionally, most studies used a single gene, rather than a gene panel for the pharmacogenomics testing. Genotyping cost and frequency of risk alleles in the populations influence the cost-effectiveness outcome. Further studies are warranted to examine the clinical and economic validity of pharmacogenomics testing in the developing countries.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
AS was supported by Universiti Teknologi MARA under grant no. 600-RMC/DINAMIK-POSTDOC 5/3 (010/2020). We would like to thank Nur Izzati Izni Rusli from Center for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia and Siti Arifah Mohd Turjah from Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia for their kind help in data management. CM participation was enabled by funding from the European Developing Countries Clinical Trial Partnerships (EDCTP) grant TMA2016SF.
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Conceptualization, LKT and MZS; methodology, AS; validation, LKT, MZS, and CM; formal analysis, AS; data curation, AS; writing—original draft preparation, AS; writing—review and editing, LKT, MZS, and CM; supervision, LKT and MZS. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Sukri, A., Salleh, M.Z., Masimirembwa, C. et al. A systematic review on the cost effectiveness of pharmacogenomics in developing countries: implementation challenges. Pharmacogenomics J 22, 147–159 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41397-022-00272-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41397-022-00272-w