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Associations of indoor and outdoor temperatures and their difference with home blood pressure: The Masuda Study

Hypertension Research volume 46, pages 200–207 (2023)Cite this article

A Comment to this article was published on 28 December 2022

Abstract

Ambient temperature and blood pressure (BP) are closely related; however, few studies have examined the association of out-of-office BP with indoor or outdoor temperature. The effect of the difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures on BP also remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association of indoor and outdoor temperatures and their difference with home BP. We studied healthy 352 participants (mean age, 49.8 years; 46.0% women) from a population-based cohort using 2-year data on temperature and self-measured home BP. We measured home BP and indoor temperature at the same time in the morning and evening every day. Outdoor temperature during the same period was based on national data. We observed 82,900 home BP measurements in the morning and 66,420 in the evening. In the mixed-effects model adjusted for age, sex, and possible confounders, indoor temperature was inversely associated with systolic and diastolic BP in the morning and evening. A 1 °C increase in indoor temperature reduced systolic and diastolic BP by 0.37 and 0.22 mmHg, respectively, in the morning and by 0.45 and 0.30 mmHg, respectively, in the evening (all P-values<0.001). The magnitude of associations was stronger for indoor than outdoor temperature. Similarly, a 1 °C increase in indoor temperature above outdoor temperature decreased systolic and diastolic BP by 0.33 and 0.12 mmHg, respectively, in the morning and by 0.45 and 0.26 mmHg, respectively, in the evening independent of outdoor temperature (all P-values <0.001). In conclusion, controlling indoor temperature is important to stabilize home BP levels.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Masuda Healthcare Association, Masuda City, Masuda Medical Association, and the study participants for their commitment and outstanding dedication. We are also grateful to Dr. Yuji Matsumoto, the chairman of the Masuda Medical Association, who greatly contributed to the study. Finally, we thank Angela Morben, DVM, ELS, from Edanz (https://jp.edanz.com/ac), for editing a draft of this manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) [grant number 20K10529] from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and a grant from OMRON Healthcare Co., Ltd. The funding sponsors had no role in the study design or conduct of the study; the collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; the preparation of the article; or the decision to submit the article for publication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan

    Minako Kinuta, Takashi Hisamatsu, Mari Fukuda & Hideyuki Kanda

  2. Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Izumo, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan

    Kaori Taniguchi

  3. Division of Biomedical Statistics, Department of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan

    Sho Komukai

  4. Department of Health and Nutrition, The University of Shimane Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, Izumo, Japan

    Noriko Nakahata

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  1. Minako Kinuta
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  2. Takashi Hisamatsu
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Correspondence to Takashi Hisamatsu.

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T.H., N.N., and H.K. received a research grant from OMRON Healthcare Co., Ltd. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest in association with the present study.

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Kinuta, M., Hisamatsu, T., Fukuda, M. et al. Associations of indoor and outdoor temperatures and their difference with home blood pressure: The Masuda Study. Hypertens Res 46, 200–207 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-022-01059-z

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