Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Comment
  • Published:

Post-fire restoration of historic buildings and implications for Notre-Dame de Paris

The restoration of fire-damaged historical monuments entails a wide range of scientific questions. Taking as a starting point the case of Notre-Dame de Paris, this Comment defines the materials science challenges of post-fire restoration, and also briefly outlines the issues of structural integrity, fire safety and preservation ethics.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Relevant articles

Open Access articles citing this article.

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: Notre-Dame de Paris, 22 July 2019.

Patrick Zachmann/Magnum Photos/Keystone

Fig. 2: Notre-Dame de Paris, 25 June 2019.

Patrick Zachmann/Magnum Photos/Keystone

Fig. 3: Notre-Dame de Paris, 26 June 2019.

Patrick Zachmann/Magnum Photos/Keystone

References

  1. Heyman, J. Int. J. Solids Struct. 2, 249–279 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Heyman, J. in Structural Repair and Maintenance of Historical Buildings III (eds Brebbia, C. A. & Frewer, R. J. B.) 327–338 (Computational Mechanics Publications, 1993).

  3. Vannucci, P., Maffi-Berthier, V., Stefanou, I. & Masi, F. Structural Integrity of Notre Dame Cathedral after the Fire of April 15th, 2019 (HAL, 2019).

  4. Tralli, A., Alessandri, C. & Milani, G. Open Civil Eng. J. 8, 272–287 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Tribune Collective Le Figaro.fr https://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/societe/notre-dame-monsieur-le-president-ne-dessaisissez-pas-les-experts-du-patrimoine-20190428 (2019).

  6. Chakrabarti, B., Yates, T. & Lewry, A. Constr. Build. Mater. 10, 539–544 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Walton, W. D., Thomas, P. H. & Ohmiya, Y. in SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (eds Hurley, M. J. et al.) 996–1023 (Springer, 2016).

  8. Deldicque, D., Rouzaud, J.-N. & Velde, B. Carbon 102, 319–329 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gallet, Y. Bull. Monum. 177, 211–218 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Sena da Fonseca, B., Ferreira Pinto, A. P., Piçarra, S. & Montemor, M. de F. in Advanced Materials for the Conservation of Stone (eds. Hosseini, M. & Karapanagiotis, I.) 185–207 (Springer, 2018).

  11. Félix, C., Ferrari, P. & Queisser, A. Déconsolidation par absorption d’eau de grès traités avec le silicate d’éthyle. Mesures non destructives de E, G et v. In Proc. Ninth Int. Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone (eds Fassina, V.) Vol. 2 287–295 (Elsevier, 2000).

  12. Beck, K., Janvier-Badosa, S., Brunetaud, X., Török, Á. & Al-Mukhtar, M. Eur. J. Environ. Civil Eng. 20, 643–655 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Praticò, Y., Flatt, R. J. & Girardet, F. in Monument Future: Decay and Conservation of Stone (eds Siegesmund, S. & Middendorf, B.) 907–912 (Mitteldeutscher, 2020).

  14. Demoulin, T., Girardet, F., Wangler, T. P., Scherer, G. W. & Flatt, R. J. Herit. Sci. 4, 38 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Smith, B. J. et al. Environ. Earth Sci. 63, 1691–1700 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Nilson, L.-O. (ed.) Methods of Measuring Moisture in Building Materials and Structures: State-of-the-Art Report of the RILEM Technical Committee 248-MMB Vol. 26 (Springer, 2018).

  17. Flatt, R. J., Caruso, F., Aguilar Sanchez, A. M. & Scherer, G. W. Nat. Commun. 5, 4823 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Scherer, G. W. & Valenza, J. J. Mater. Sci. Concrete 7, 209–246 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Delgado Rodrigues, J. & Grossi, A. J. Cult. Herit. 8, 32–43 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Lesté-Lasserre, C. Science 367, 1182–1187 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Carmona, N., Villegas, M. A. & Navarro, J. M. F. J. Mater. Sci. 41, 2339–2346 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Brown, S. in The Art of Collaboration: Stained Glass Conservation in the Twenty-First Century (eds Shepard, M. B. et al.) 57–64 (Harvey Miller, 2010).

  23. Chapman, S. & Mason, D. J. Am. Institute Conserv. 42, 381–392 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Carmona, N., Wittstadt, K. & Römich, H. J. Cult. Herit. 10, 403–409 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Spearpoint, M. J. & Quintiere, J. G. Combust. Flame 123, 308–325 (2000).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Vaidogas, E. R. & Juocevičius, V. Mechanics 73, 35–42 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Gerhards, C. C. Wood Fiber Sci. 14, 4–36 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Haas, B. & Le Gouge, T. La Vie des Idées https://laviedesidees.fr/Le-toit-de-Notre-Dame.html (2019).

  29. Epaud, F. Rev. Hist. 57, 40–45 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Fromont, R. & Trentesaux, C. in Charpentes et Couvertures 70–77 (Centre des monuments nationaux, 2016).

  31. Sandron, D. & Tallon, A. Notre-Dame de Paris: Neuf Siècles d’Histoire. (Parigramme, 2019).

  32. Holzer, S. M. Statische Beurteilung historischer Tragwerke (Ernst & Sohn, 2013).

  33. Bardet, S. & Caré, S. Projet GreenWood: Utilisation du Bois Vert dans la Construction: Effet du Séchage sur les Propriétés Rhéologiques et Hydriques (HAL, 2019).

  34. Bernardini, G. Fire Safety of Historical Buildings: Traditional Versus Innovative “Behavioural Design” Solutions by Using Wayfinding Systems (Springer, 2017).

  35. Torero, J. L. Int. J. Architect. Herit. 13, 926–940 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert J. Flatt.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Praticò, Y., Ochsendorf, J., Holzer, S. et al. Post-fire restoration of historic buildings and implications for Notre-Dame de Paris. Nat. Mater. 19, 817–820 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0748-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0748-y

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing