Abstract
Subcortical brain structures are integral to motion, consciousness, emotions and learning. We identified common genetic variation related to the volumes of the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, brainstem, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen and thalamus, using genome-wide association analyses in almost 40,000 individuals from CHARGE, ENIGMA and UK Biobank. We show that variability in subcortical volumes is heritable, and identify 48 significantly associated loci (40 novel at the time of analysis). Annotation of these loci by utilizing gene expression, methylation and neuropathological data identified 199 genes putatively implicated in neurodevelopment, synaptic signaling, axonal transport, apoptosis, inflammation/infection and susceptibility to neurological disorders. This set of genes is significantly enriched for Drosophila orthologs associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes, suggesting evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Our findings uncover novel biology and potential drug targets underlying brain development and disease.
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Data availability
The genome-wide summary statistics that support the findings of this study are available from the CHARGE dbGaP (accession code: phs000930) and ENIGMA (http://enigma.ini.usc.edu/research/download-enigma-gwas-results) websites.
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We thank all of the study participants for contributing to this research. Full acknowledgements and grant support details are provided in the Supplementary Note.
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C.L.S. drafted the manuscript with contributions from H.H.H.A., D.P.H., C.C.W., T.V.L., A.A.-V., S.Ehrlich., A.K.H., M.W.V., D.J., T.G.M.v.E., C.D.W., M.J.W., S.E.F., K.A.M., P.J.H., B.F., H.J.G., A.D.J., O.L.L., S.Debette, S.E.M., J.M.S., P.M.T., S.S. and M.A.I. M.S., N.J., L.R.Y., T.V.L., G.C., L.A., M.E.R., A.d.B., I.K., M.A., S.A., S.E., R.R.-S., A.K.H., H.J.J., A.Stevens., J.B., M.W.V., A.V.W., K.W., N.A., S.H., A.L.G., P.H.L., S.G., S.L.H., D.K., L.Schmaal, S.M.L., I.A., E.W., D.T.-G., J.C.I., L.N.V., R.B., F.C., D.J., O.C., U.K.H., B.S.A., C.-Y.C., A.A.A., M.P.B., A.F.M., S.K.M., P.A., A.J.Schork., D.C.M.L., T.Y.W., L.Shen, P.G.S., E.J.C.d.G., M.T., K.R.v.E., N.J.A.v.d.W., A.M.M., J.S.R., N.R., W.H., M.C.V.H., J.B.J.K., L.M.O.L., A.Hofman, G.H., M.E.B., S.R., J.-J.H., A.Simmons, N.H., P.R.S., T.W.M., P.Maillard, O.Gruber, N.A.G., J.E.S., H.Lemaître, B.M.-M., D.v.R., I.J.D., R.M.B., I.M., R.K., H.v.B., M.J.W., D.v.‘t.E., M.M.N., S.E.F., A.S.B., K.A.M., N.R.-S., D.J.H., H.J.G., C.M.v.D., J.M.W., C.DeCarli, P.L.D.J. and V.G. contributed to the preparation of data. C.L.S., H.H.H.A., D.P.H., M.J.K., J.L.S., M.S., M.Sargurupremraj, N.J., G.V.R., A.V.S., J.C.B., X.J., M.Luciano., E.H., A.Teumer, S.J.v.d.L., J.Y., L.R.Y., S.L., K.J.Y., G.C., M.E.R., N.J.A., H.J.J., A.V.W., S.H., N.M.S., S.G., D.T.G., J.S., C.-Y.C., L.M.O.L., Q.Y., A.Thalamuthu, I.O.F., D.v.‘t.E., C.Depondt and P.L.D.J. performed the statistical analyses. C.L.S., H.H.H.A., C.C.W., M.J.K., T.V.L., S.L., Y.H., K.J.Y., J.D.E., Q.Y. and A.D.J. carried out the downstream analyses. All authors reviewed the manuscript for intellectual content.
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D.P.H. is currently an employee at Genentech. D.J. has received travel and speaker’s honoraria from Janssen–Cilag, as well as research funding from DFG. R.L.B. is a consultant for Pfizer and Roche. P.A. is a scientific adviser for Genoscreen. T.Y.W. is a consultant and advisory board member for Allergan, Bayer, Boehringer–Ingelheim, Genentech, Merck, Novartis, Oxurion (formerly ThromboGenics) and Roche, and is a co-founder of Plano and EyRiS. A.M.M. has received grant support from Eli Lilly, Janssen, Pfizer and the Sackler Trust. B.M.P. serves on the steering committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. A.M.-L. is a member of the advisory board for the Lundbeck International Neuroscience Foundation and Brainsway, a member of the editorial board for the American Association for the Advancement of Science and Elsevier, a faculty member of the Lundbeck International Neuroscience Foundation and a consultant for Boehringer Ingelheim. W.J.N. is the founder and scientific lead of Quantib BV, in addition to being a shareholder. M.M.N. is a shareholder of Life & Brain, receives a salary from Life & Brain, has received support from Shire for attending conferences and has received financial remuneration from the Lundbeck Foundation, Robert Bosch Foundation and Deutsches Ärzteblatt for participation in scientific advisory boards. B.F. has received educational speaking fees from Shire and Medice. H.J.G. has received travel grants and speaker’s honoraria from Fresenius Medical Care, Neuraxpharm and Janssen–Cilag, as well as research funding from Fresenius Medical Care.
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Satizabal, C.L., Adams, H.H.H., Hibar, D.P. et al. Genetic architecture of subcortical brain structures in 38,851 individuals. Nat Genet 51, 1624–1636 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0511-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0511-y
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