Nature Neuroscience - AOP - nature.com science feeds Nature Neuroscience offers a unique mix of opinion and reviews alongside top-quality research papers. Published monthly, in print and online, the journal reflects the entire spectrum of neuroscience, from molecular to cognitive. http://www.nature.com/neuro/current_issue/ Nature Publishing Group en © Nature Publishing Group Nature Neuroscience 1097-6256 1546-1726 © Nature Publishing Group permissions@nature.com Nature Neuroscience http://www.nature.com/includes/rj_globnavimages/nn_logo.gif http://www.nature.com/neuro/ Self-modulation of neocortical pyramidal neurons by endocannabinoids http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/kCZJBJGKTu8/nn.2430 This study finds that excitatory neurons in cortical layer 2/3 can respond to their own firing with persistent hyperpolarization, termed slow self-inhibition or SSI. This process is mediated by endocannabinoids and regulates neuronal excitability. Self-modulation of neocortical pyramidal neurons by endocannabinoids

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2430

Authors: Silvia Marinelli, Simone Pacioni, Astrid Cannich, Giovanni Marsicano & Alberto Bacci

Control of pyramidal neuron excitability is vital for the functioning of the neocortex. Somatodendritic slow self-inhibition (SSI) allows inhibitory neurons to regulate their own activity, but the existence of similar mechanisms in excitatory cells has not been shown. We found that in rodents endocannabinoids mediated SSI and long-term modulation of inhibitory connections in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons with a distinct dendritic morphology, suggesting that a glutamatergic network in cortical circuits is self-regulated.

]]> Self-modulation of neocortical pyramidal neurons by endocannabinoids Silvia Marinelli Simone Pacioni Astrid Cannich Giovanni Marsicano Alberto Bacci doi:10.1038/nn.2430 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-15 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-15 10.1038/nn.2430 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2430 Brief Communication http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2430 Thrombospondin 1 accelerates synaptogenesis in hippocampal neurons through neuroligin 1 http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/uHL62Vvoee4/nn.2459 In cultured rat hippocampal neurons, thrombospondin 1 hastened synapse formation via interaction with neuroligin 1. Thrombospondin 1 accelerates synaptogenesis in hippocampal neurons through neuroligin 1

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2459

Authors: Junyu Xu, Nan Xiao & Jun Xia

In cultured rat hippocampal neurons, we found that thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) increased the speed of synapse formation in young neurons, but not the final density of synapses in mature neurons. TSP1 interacted with neuroligin 1 (NL1) and application of the NL1 extracellular domain blocked TSP1-induced synaptogenesis. Furthermore, knocking down endogenous NL1 inhibited TSP1's effect. Our results indicate that TSP1 accelerates the speed of synaptogenesis through NL1 in hippocampal neurons.

]]> Thrombospondin 1 accelerates synaptogenesis in hippocampal neurons through neuroligin 1 Junyu Xu Nan Xiao Jun Xia doi:10.1038/nn.2459 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-15 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-15 10.1038/nn.2459 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2459 Brief Communication http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2459 Dissociable cost and benefit encoding of future rewards by mesolimbic dopamine http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/Y2gZW3fL7DQ/nn.2460 Cue-evoked activity of midbrain dopamine neurons is proposed to encode the magnitude, delay and uncertainty of predicted rewards. Here the authors report that this activity separates costs and benefits, as it does not encode the costs of the action required to obtain predicted rewards. Dissociable cost and benefit encoding of future rewards by mesolimbic dopamine

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2460

Authors: Jerylin O Gan, Mark E Walton & Paul E M Phillips

]]> Dissociable cost and benefit encoding of future rewards by mesolimbic dopamine Jerylin O Gan Mark E Walton Paul E M Phillips doi:10.1038/nn.2460 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-10 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-10 10.1038/nn.2460 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2460 Brief Communication http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2460 Experience-dependent compartmentalized dendritic plasticity in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/OM3UKfZbM40/nn.2428 Dendritic excitability is a plastic property of neurons. This study shows that exposure to an enriched environment increases propagation of dendritic sodium spikes in a subset of dendritic branches in CA1 pyramidal neurons. This effect is mediated by localized downregulation of A-type potassium channel function. Experience-dependent compartmentalized dendritic plasticity in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2428

Authors: Judit K Makara, Attila Losonczy, Quan Wen & Jeffrey C Magee

The excitability of individual dendritic branches is a plastic property of neurons. We found that experience in an enriched environment increased propagation of dendritic Na+ spikes in a subset of individual dendritic branches in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and that this effect was mainly mediated by localized downregulation of A-type K+ channel function. Thus, dendritic plasticity might be used to store recent experience in individual branches of the dendritic arbor.

]]> Experience-dependent compartmentalized dendritic plasticity in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons Judit K Makara Attila Losonczy Quan Wen Jeffrey C Magee doi:10.1038/nn.2428 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-08 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-08 10.1038/nn.2428 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2428 Brief Communication http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2428 Self-generated theta oscillations in the hippocampus http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/R20kCAKzP7I/nn.2440 Although numerous in vivo studies have suggested that hippocampal theta oscillations are generated by the extrinsic medial septal input, theoretical studies have suggested that the hippocampus has the minimal feedback circuitry necessary to intrinsically generate its own theta rhythm. Here, Goutagny et al. directly demonstrate such oscillation independently of external inputs. Self-generated theta oscillations in the hippocampus

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2440

Authors: Romain Goutagny, Jesse Jackson & Sylvain Williams

Hippocampal theta rhythm is crucial for spatial memory and is thought to be generated by extrinsic inputs. In contrast, using a complete rat hippocampus in vitro, we found several intrinsic, atropine-resistant theta generators in CA1. These oscillators were organized along the septotemporal axis and arose independently from CA3. Our results suggest that CA1 theta rhythm can emerge from the coupling of multiple autonomous hippocampal theta oscillators.

]]> Self-generated theta oscillations in the hippocampus Romain Goutagny Jesse Jackson Sylvain Williams doi:10.1038/nn.2440 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-01 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-01 10.1038/nn.2440 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2440 Brief Communication http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2440 The pathways of interoceptive awareness http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/VJEhIdY6Nhw/nn.2411 Studying a patient with selective damage to the insular and anterior cingulate cortex, the current study finds that these regions are not necessary for interoceptive awareness of one's own heartbeat, but the primary somatosensory cortex is required for such self-awareness. The pathways of interoceptive awareness

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2411

Authors: Sahib S Khalsa, David Rudrauf, Justin S Feinstein & Daniel Tranel

A network of cortical brain regions, including the insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), has been proposed as the critical and sole substrate for interoceptive awareness. Combining lesion and pharmacological approaches in humans, we found that the insula and ACC were not critical for awareness of heartbeat sensations. Instead, this awareness was mediated by both somatosensory afferents from the skin and a network that included the insula and ACC. Together, these pathways enable the core human experience of the cardiovascular state of the body.

]]> The pathways of interoceptive awareness Sahib S Khalsa David Rudrauf Justin S Feinstein Daniel Tranel doi:10.1038/nn.2411 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-01 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-01 10.1038/nn.2411 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2411 Brief Communication http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2411 Amyloid-β as a positive endogenous regulator of release probability at hippocampal synapses http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/K9mO3tOjShU/nn.2433 Even without the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, normal brain releases a small amount of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). Abramov and colleagues now show that endogenous Aβ that is produced and released from presynaptic terminals can alter synaptic transmission and short-term plasticity. Amyloid-β as a positive endogenous regulator of release probability at hippocampal synapses

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2433

Authors: Efrat Abramov, Iftach Dolev, Hilla Fogel, Giuseppe D Ciccotosto, Eyal Ruff & Inna Slutsky

]]> Amyloid-β as a positive endogenous regulator of release probability at hippocampal synapses Efrat Abramov Iftach Dolev Hilla Fogel Giuseppe D Ciccotosto Eyal Ruff Inna Slutsky doi:10.1038/nn.2433 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-22 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-22 10.1038/nn.2433 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2433 Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2433 Structural requirements for the activation of vomeronasal sensory neurons by MHC peptides http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/_o8bCRXJ2D0/nn.2452 Major histocompatibility complex peptides function as olfactory cues for vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) in the mammalian nose. Here, the authors report that individual VSNs expressing the receptor gene V2r1b have broad peptide responsiveness, but sufficient specificity to distinguish peptides differing by a single amino acid residue. Furthermore, they find that targeted disruption of V2r1b eliminates the VSN peptide response. Structural requirements for the activation of vomeronasal sensory neurons by MHC peptides

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2452

Authors: Trese Leinders-Zufall, Tomohiro Ishii, Peter Mombaerts, Frank Zufall & Thomas Boehm

]]> Structural requirements for the activation of vomeronasal sensory neurons by MHC peptides Trese Leinders-Zufall Tomohiro Ishii Peter Mombaerts Frank Zufall Thomas Boehm doi:10.1038/nn.2452 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-22 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-22 10.1038/nn.2452 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2452 Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2452 Nardilysin regulates axonal maturation and myelination in the central and peripheral nervous system http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/BES-Qae4LgE/nn.2438 Nardilysin (NRDc) enhances the shedding of ectodomains from neuronal membrane proteins. The null mutant described here reveals that nardilysin is necessary for myelination in both central and peripheral nervous system. Nardilysin regulates axonal maturation and myelination in the central and peripheral nervous system

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2438

Authors: Mikiko Ohno, Yoshinori Hiraoka, Tatsuhiko Matsuoka, Hidekazu Tomimoto, Keizo Takao, Tsuyoshi Miyakawa, Naoko Oshima, Hiroshi Kiyonari, Takeshi Kimura, Toru Kita & Eiichiro Nishi

]]> Nardilysin regulates axonal maturation and myelination in the central and peripheral nervous system Mikiko Ohno Yoshinori Hiraoka Tatsuhiko Matsuoka Hidekazu Tomimoto Keizo Takao Tsuyoshi Miyakawa Naoko Oshima Hiroshi Kiyonari Takeshi Kimura Toru Kita Eiichiro Nishi doi:10.1038/nn.2438 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-22 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-22 10.1038/nn.2438 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2438 Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2438 Postnatal NMDA receptor ablation in corticolimbic interneurons confers schizophrenia-like phenotypes http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/UZ89bIRAwis/nn.2447 Nakazawa and colleagues describe a mouse strain in which the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor is selectively eliminated in cortical and hippocampal interneurons in early postnatal development. These mice have several behavioral deficits that are consistent with the theory that GABAergic dysfunction contributes to the pathology of several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Postnatal NMDA receptor ablation in corticolimbic interneurons confers schizophrenia-like phenotypes

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2447

Authors: Juan E Belforte, Veronika Zsiros, Elyse R Sklar, Zhihong Jiang, Gu Yu, Yuqing Li, Elizabeth M Quinlan & Kazu Nakazawa

]]> Postnatal NMDA receptor ablation in corticolimbic interneurons confers schizophrenia-like phenotypes Juan E Belforte Veronika Zsiros Elyse R Sklar Zhihong Jiang Gu Yu Yuqing Li Elizabeth M Quinlan Kazu Nakazawa doi:10.1038/nn.2447 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-15 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-15 10.1038/nn.2447 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2447 Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2447 Attention improves performance primarily by reducing interneuronal correlations http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/QmScB4LxYO0/nn.2439 Previous work has suggested that visual attention improves behavioral performance by increasing the firing rates of individual sensory neurons. Recording from populations of neurons in monkey visual area V4, this study finds that most of the attentional improvement in the population signal results from decreases in interneuronal correlations. Attention improves performance primarily by reducing interneuronal correlations

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2439

Authors: Marlene R Cohen & John H R Maunsell

]]> Attention improves performance primarily by reducing interneuronal correlations Marlene R Cohen John H R Maunsell doi:10.1038/nn.2439 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-15 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-15 10.1038/nn.2439 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2439 Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2439 Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins instruct discrete dendrite targeting in an olfactory map http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/_WffCHGousU/nn.2442 In Drosophila, the connections between olfactory receptor neurons and projection neurons are highly specific. Here, the authors report that two leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins (Capricious and Tartan) serve as a mechanism for projection neuron dendrite targeting in the olfactory map. Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins instruct discrete dendrite targeting in an olfactory map

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2442

Authors: Weizhe Hong, Haitao Zhu, Christopher J Potter, Gabrielle Barsh, Mitsuhiko Kurusu, Kai Zinn & Liqun Luo

]]> Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins instruct discrete dendrite targeting in an olfactory map Weizhe Hong Haitao Zhu Christopher J Potter Gabrielle Barsh Mitsuhiko Kurusu Kai Zinn Liqun Luo doi:10.1038/nn.2442 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-15 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-15 10.1038/nn.2442 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2442 Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2442 Glial precursors clear sensory neuron corpses during development via Jedi-1, an engulfment receptor http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/4qBpPM2jNfQ/nn.2446 During development of the peripheral ganglia, 50% of neurons die by apoptosis. This study finds that satellite glial cell precursors clear these neuronal corpses in developing dorsal root ganglia and identifies some of the molecular components involved in this phagocytosis. Glial precursors clear sensory neuron corpses during development via Jedi-1, an engulfment receptor

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2446

Authors: Hsiao-Huei Wu, Elena Bellmunt, Jami L Scheib, Victor Venegas, Cornelia Burkert, Louis F Reichardt, Zheng Zhou, Isabel Fariñas & Bruce D Carter

]]> Glial precursors clear sensory neuron corpses during development via Jedi-1, an engulfment receptor Hsiao-Huei Wu Elena Bellmunt Jami L Scheib Victor Venegas Cornelia Burkert Louis F Reichardt Zheng Zhou Isabel Fariñas Bruce D Carter doi:10.1038/nn.2446 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-15 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-15 10.1038/nn.2446 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2446 Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2446 Vascular niche factor PEDF modulates Notch-dependent stemness in the adult subependymal zone http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/qd_WIsgwV24/nn.2437 Notch signaling is essential for the maintenance of adult neural stem cells in vivo. Here, Andreu-Agulló and colleagues show that PEDF, released from endothelial cells, enhances Notch signaling in the mouse subependymal zone by inactivating a repressor of Notch target genes. Vascular niche factor PEDF modulates Notch-dependent stemness in the adult subependymal zone

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2437

Authors: Celia Andreu-Agulló, José Manuel Morante-Redolat, Ana C Delgado & Isabel Fariñas

]]> Vascular niche factor PEDF modulates Notch-dependent stemness in the adult subependymal zone Celia Andreu-Agulló José Manuel Morante-Redolat Ana C Delgado Isabel Fariñas doi:10.1038/nn.2437 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-08 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-08 10.1038/nn.2437 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2437 Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2437 Microcircuitry coordination of cortical motor information in self-initiation of voluntary movements http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/32riXoW0q1A/nn.2431 Systematically monitoring the activities of various cortical pyramidal neurons and interneurons during different stages of locomotion, the authors characterize differential firing activities of motor cortex microcircuitry in behaving, head-restraint rats that were trained to push, pull or hold a lever for reward. Microcircuitry coordination of cortical motor information in self-initiation of voluntary movements

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2431

Authors: Yoshikazu Isomura, Rie Harukuni, Takashi Takekawa, Hidenori Aizawa & Tomoki Fukai

]]> Microcircuitry coordination of cortical motor information in self-initiation of voluntary movements Yoshikazu Isomura Rie Harukuni Takashi Takekawa Hidenori Aizawa Tomoki Fukai doi:10.1038/nn.2431 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-08 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-08 10.1038/nn.2431 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2431 Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2431 Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/qFpQmcFBGDE/nn.2436 Severe stress in early childhood can increase an individual's vulnerability to depression later in life. This study found that early-life stress in mice resulted in persistent elevation of the stress hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP), which was caused by persistent hypomethylation of CpG islands in the Avp promoter in the hypothalamus. Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2436

Authors: Chris Murgatroyd, Alexandre V Patchev, Yonghe Wu, Vincenzo Micale, Yvonne Bockmühl, Dieter Fischer, Florian Holsboer, Carsten T Wotjak, Osborne F X Almeida & Dietmar Spengler

]]> Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress Chris Murgatroyd Alexandre V Patchev Yonghe Wu Vincenzo Micale Yvonne Bockmühl Dieter Fischer Florian Holsboer Carsten T Wotjak Osborne F X Almeida Dietmar Spengler doi:10.1038/nn.2436 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-08 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-08 10.1038/nn.2436 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2436 Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2436 Adult generation of glutamatergic olfactory bulb interneurons http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/TZNzNRkbX2w/nn.2416 Neural stem cells in the adult mouse SVZ are thought to only generate GABAergic olfactory bulb interneurons. This study reports that a dorsal region of the adult SVZ gives rise to a glutamatergic type of olfactory bulb neurons. These newborn glutamatergic neurons can be diverted to migrate into the cortex towards an injury, possibly contributing to repair. Adult generation of glutamatergic olfactory bulb interneurons

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2416

Authors: Monika S Brill, Jovica Ninkovic, Eleanor Winpenny, Rebecca D Hodge, Ilknur Ozen, Roderick Yang, Alexandra Lepier, Sergio Gascón, Ferenc Erdelyi, Gabor Szabo, Carlos Parras, Francois Guillemot, Michael Frotscher, Benedikt Berninger, Robert F Hevner, Olivier Raineteau & Magdalena Götz

]]> Adult generation of glutamatergic olfactory bulb interneurons Monika S Brill Jovica Ninkovic Eleanor Winpenny Rebecca D Hodge Ilknur Ozen Roderick Yang Alexandra Lepier Sergio Gascón Ferenc Erdelyi Gabor Szabo Carlos Parras Francois Guillemot Michael Frotscher Benedikt Berninger Robert F Hevner Olivier Raineteau Magdalena Götz doi:10.1038/nn.2416 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-01 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-01 10.1038/nn.2416 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2416 Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2416 A genetic pathway composed of Sox14 and Mical governs severing of dendrites during pruning http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/ceTiEqm8Pcw/nn.2415 Certain Drosophila dendrites undergo major remodeling during metamorphosis. This study shows that the severing of larval dendrites, which is the first step of remodeling, depends on the upregulation of the cytoskeleton-binding protein Mical by the transcription factor Sox14. A genetic pathway composed of Sox14 and Mical governs severing of dendrites during pruning

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2415

Authors: Daniel Kirilly, Ying Gu, Yafen Huang, Zhuhao Wu, Arash Bashirullah, Boon Chuan Low, Alex L Kolodkin, Hongyan Wang & Fengwei Yu

]]> A genetic pathway composed of Sox14 and Mical governs severing of dendrites during pruning Daniel Kirilly Ying Gu Yafen Huang Zhuhao Wu Arash Bashirullah Boon Chuan Low Alex L Kolodkin Hongyan Wang Fengwei Yu doi:10.1038/nn.2415 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-01 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-01 10.1038/nn.2415 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2415 Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2415 Input normalization by global feedforward inhibition expands cortical dynamic range http://feeds.nature.com/~r/neuro/rss/aop/~3/q26gFfUITYA/nn.2441 The cortex is sensitive to weak stimuli, but also responds to stronger inputs without saturating. In this study, Scanziani and colleagues find some of the circuits that enable neuronal populations to respond to a wide range of input strengths. Input normalization by global feedforward inhibition expands cortical dynamic range

Nature Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nn.2441

Authors: Frédéric Pouille, Antonia Marin-Burgin, Hillel Adesnik, Bassam V Atallah & Massimo Scanziani

]]> Input normalization by global feedforward inhibition expands cortical dynamic range Frédéric Pouille Antonia Marin-Burgin Hillel Adesnik Bassam V Atallah Massimo Scanziani doi:10.1038/nn.2441 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-01 Nature Neuroscience 2009-11-01 10.1038/nn.2441 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2441 Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2441