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<title>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</title>
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                     <title>In This Issue</title>
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<description>As a result of both longer life expectancy and declining birth rates, in almost every developed country the number of people aged over 60 years is growing faster than the number in any other age group. This demographic shift is causing profound social and economic </description>
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<p>
<b>In This Issue</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 147 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3193">doi:10.1038/nrn3193</a>
</p>
<p>As a result of both longer life expectancy and declining birth rates, in almost every developed country the number of people aged over 60 years is growing faster than the number in any other age group. This demographic shift is causing profound social and economic </p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/hK-aCrxs60s" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>In This Issue</dc:title>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3193</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 147 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-20</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3193</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3193</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>In This Issue</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>147</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>147</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3193</feedburner:origLink></item>
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                     <title>Neurodegenerative disease: Dishing up Alzheimer's disease</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/vb0RsTP_HP8/nrn3201</link>
<description>This study uses a cell reprogramming approach to investigate mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease.</description>
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<p>
<b>Neurodegenerative disease: Dishing up Alzheimer's disease</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 149 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3201">doi:10.1038/nrn3201</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Katherine Whalley</p>
<p>This study uses a cell reprogramming approach to investigate mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease.</p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/vb0RsTP_HP8" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Neurodegenerative disease: Dishing up Alzheimer's disease</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Katherine Whalley</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3201</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 149 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-15</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3201</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3201</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>149</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>149</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3201</feedburner:origLink></item>
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                     <title>Turning neural activity into words</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/pcq0n9VDqZU/nrn3206</link>
<description>A paper published in PLoS Biology describes how researchers recorded neural population responses in non-primary auditory cortex of individuals listening to spoken words and then reconstructed the original spoken words from the population activity.The study shows that the superior temporal gyrus encodes certain </description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Turning neural activity into words</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 150 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3206">doi:10.1038/nrn3206</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Leonie Welberg</p>
<p>A paper published in PLoS Biology describes how researchers recorded neural population responses in non-primary auditory cortex of individuals listening to spoken words and then reconstructed the original spoken words from the population activity.The study shows that the superior temporal gyrus encodes certain </p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/pcq0n9VDqZU" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Turning neural activity into words</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Leonie Welberg</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3206</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 150 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-15</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3206</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3206</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>150</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>150</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3206</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3194">
                     <title>Reward: High expectations for GABA</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/N_yMSs48JwI/nrn3194</link>
<description>GABA neurons encode the value of the expected reward — information that dopamine neurons need to compute prediction errors.</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Reward: High expectations for GABA</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 150 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3194">doi:10.1038/nrn3194</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Leonie Welberg</p>
<p>GABA neurons encode the value of the expected reward — information that dopamine neurons need to compute prediction errors.</p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/N_yMSs48JwI" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Reward: High expectations for GABA</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Leonie Welberg</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3194</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 150 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-08</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3194</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3194</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>150</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>151</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3194</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3207">
                     <title>Synaptic plasticity: Adding a piece to the LTP jigsaw</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/xoc4NxiArc4/nrn3207</link>
<description>Complexin is involved in postsynaptic AMPA receptor exocytosis in long-term potentiation.</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Synaptic plasticity: Adding a piece to the LTP jigsaw</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 150 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3207">doi:10.1038/nrn3207</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Man Tsuey Tse</p>
<p>Complexin is involved in postsynaptic AMPA receptor exocytosis in long-term potentiation.</p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/xoc4NxiArc4" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Synaptic plasticity: Adding a piece to the LTP jigsaw</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Man Tsuey Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3207</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 150 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-15</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3207</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3207</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>150</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>151</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3207</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3196">
                     <title>Addiction: Curtailing reward</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/qDf3quznQtA/nrn3196</link>
<description>Histone deacetylases (HDACs), which regulate transcription, seem to modulate cocaine reward behaviours, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. A new study shows that in rodent striatal neurons, cocaine and cyclic AMP signalling, which is upregulated by cocaine, induce HDAC5 nuclear translocation. Such translocation is dependent </description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Addiction: Curtailing reward</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 151 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3196">doi:10.1038/nrn3196</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Darran Yates</p>
<p>Histone deacetylases (HDACs), which regulate transcription, seem to modulate cocaine reward behaviours, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. A new study shows that in rodent striatal neurons, cocaine and cyclic AMP signalling, which is upregulated by cocaine, induce HDAC5 nuclear translocation. Such translocation is dependent </p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/qDf3quznQtA" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Addiction: Curtailing reward</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Darran Yates</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3196</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 151 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-08</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3196</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3196</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>151</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>151</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3196</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3197">
                     <title>Cerebral cortex: Whisking up a change in state</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/QutIFLghWlY/nrn3197</link>
<description>In mammals, quiet wakefulness and active behaviour are associated with synchronized and desynchronized patterns, respectively, of spontaneous cortical activity (termed cortical states). The mechanisms controlling cortical states are poorly understood. Poulet et al. showed that active whisking behaviour in mice, which is associated with </description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Cerebral cortex: Whisking up a change in state</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 151 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3197">doi:10.1038/nrn3197</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Darran Yates</p>
<p>In mammals, quiet wakefulness and active behaviour are associated with synchronized and desynchronized patterns, respectively, of spontaneous cortical activity (termed cortical states). The mechanisms controlling cortical states are poorly understood. Poulet et al. showed that active whisking behaviour in mice, which is associated with </p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/QutIFLghWlY" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Cerebral cortex: Whisking up a change in state</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Darran Yates</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3197</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 151 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-08</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3197</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3197</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>151</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>151</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3197</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3198">
                     <title>Neurodegeneration: Alternative neuronal loss</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/XJ4vkEYUUvk/nrn3198</link>
<description>Although various RNA-processing proteins are implicated in neurodegenerative mechanisms, there is no firm evidence that defective RNA splicing causes neuronal loss. The pre-messenger RNA splicing machinery includes several uridine-rich small nuclear RNAs (U-snRNAs). Here, Jia et al. show that in mice, a mutation in </description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Neurodegeneration: Alternative neuronal loss</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 151 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3198">doi:10.1038/nrn3198</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Darran Yates</p>
<p>Although various RNA-processing proteins are implicated in neurodegenerative mechanisms, there is no firm evidence that defective RNA splicing causes neuronal loss. The pre-messenger RNA splicing machinery includes several uridine-rich small nuclear RNAs (U-snRNAs). Here, Jia et al. show that in mice, a mutation in </p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/XJ4vkEYUUvk" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Neurodegeneration: Alternative neuronal loss</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Darran Yates</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3198</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 151 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-08</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3198</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3198</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>151</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>151</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3198</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3199">
                     <title>Gene expression: Transcriptional mapping</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/FylVSs4V4NI/nrn3199</link>
<description>How the transcriptomes of various cell types in a specific brain area differ is unclear. Here, Siegert et al. created an atlas of cell type transcriptomes for the mouse retina and found that each cell type was associated with the expression of a specific </description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Gene expression: Transcriptional mapping</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 151 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3199">doi:10.1038/nrn3199</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Darran Yates</p>
<p>How the transcriptomes of various cell types in a specific brain area differ is unclear. Here, Siegert et al. created an atlas of cell type transcriptomes for the mouse retina and found that each cell type was associated with the expression of a specific </p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/FylVSs4V4NI" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Gene expression: Transcriptional mapping</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Darran Yates</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3199</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 151 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-08</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3199</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3199</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>151</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>151</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3199</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3191">
                     <title>Dendrites: Ensuring appropriate coverage</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/LoGs9NHPwTk/nrn3191</link>
<description>Two new studies highlight the contribution of dendrite–substrate interactions to dendritic morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster sensory neurons.</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Dendrites: Ensuring appropriate coverage</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 152 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3191">doi:10.1038/nrn3191</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Monica Hoyos Flight</p>
<p>Two new studies highlight the contribution of dendrite–substrate interactions to dendritic morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster sensory neurons.</p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/LoGs9NHPwTk" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Dendrites: Ensuring appropriate coverage</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Monica Hoyos Flight</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3191</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 152 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-01</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3191</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3191</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>152</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>153</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3191</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3195">
                     <title>Cellular neurophysiology: ER cargo confinement influences dendritic plasticity</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/vzJOiZh6zSk/nrn3195</link>
<description>The structural complexity of the ER restricts the diffusion of nascent proteins and influences the spatial scales of cargo transport to the dendritic membrane.</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Cellular neurophysiology: ER cargo confinement influences dendritic plasticity</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 152 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3195">doi:10.1038/nrn3195</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Sian Lewis</p>
<p>The structural complexity of the ER restricts the diffusion of nascent proteins and influences the spatial scales of cargo transport to the dendritic membrane.</p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/vzJOiZh6zSk" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Cellular neurophysiology: ER cargo confinement influences dendritic plasticity</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Sian Lewis</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3195</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 152 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-15</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3195</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3195</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>152</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>153</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3195</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3202">
                     <title>Addiction: Brain changes in siblings of addicted individuals</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/P0usEiWtUjQ/nrn3202</link>
<description>Drug addiction has been associated with structural brain changes, but do they precede addiction or are they the consequence of it? Here, the authors showed that compared with unrelated healthy controls, stimulant-dependent individuals and their biological siblings have impaired inhibitory control, reduced white matter integrity </description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Addiction: Brain changes in siblings of addicted individuals</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 153 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3202">doi:10.1038/nrn3202</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Leonie Welberg</p>
<p>Drug addiction has been associated with structural brain changes, but do they precede addiction or are they the consequence of it? Here, the authors showed that compared with unrelated healthy controls, stimulant-dependent individuals and their biological siblings have impaired inhibitory control, reduced white matter integrity </p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/P0usEiWtUjQ" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Addiction: Brain changes in siblings of addicted individuals</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Leonie Welberg</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3202</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 153 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-15</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3202</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3202</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>153</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>153</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3202</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3203">
                     <title>Neuroimmunology: Neural activity regulates T cell entry</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/HDyEbH6-hmc/nrn3203</link>
<description>Peripheral CD4+ T cells have a central role in multiple sclerosis, but how these cells cross the blood–brain barrier is not understood. Here, the authors examined this issue in a mouse model of the disease. In mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, CD4+</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Neuroimmunology: Neural activity regulates T cell entry</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 153 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3203">doi:10.1038/nrn3203</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Leonie Welberg</p>
<p>Peripheral CD4+ T cells have a central role in multiple sclerosis, but how these cells cross the blood–brain barrier is not understood. Here, the authors examined this issue in a mouse model of the disease. In mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, CD4+</p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/HDyEbH6-hmc" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Neuroimmunology: Neural activity regulates T cell entry</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Leonie Welberg</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3203</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 153 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-15</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3203</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3203</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>153</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>153</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3203</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3204">
                     <title>Protein metabolism: No turnover for brain nuclear pore proteins</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/vLYYCZn78-w/nrn3204</link>
<description>Although most proteins undergo turnover, a few extremely long-lived proteins (ELLPs) have been identified. To detect potential ELLPs in the rat brain, the authors fed rat pups a 15N-enriched diet until they were 6 weeks of age and a 14N-enriched diet thereafter. Twenty-five </description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Protein metabolism: No turnover for brain nuclear pore proteins</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 153 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3204">doi:10.1038/nrn3204</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Leonie Welberg</p>
<p>Although most proteins undergo turnover, a few extremely long-lived proteins (ELLPs) have been identified. To detect potential ELLPs in the rat brain, the authors fed rat pups a 15N-enriched diet until they were 6 weeks of age and a 14N-enriched diet thereafter. Twenty-five </p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/vLYYCZn78-w" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Protein metabolism: No turnover for brain nuclear pore proteins</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Leonie Welberg</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3204</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 153 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-15</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3204</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3204</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>153</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>153</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3204</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3205">
                     <title>Techniques: Nanoscale imaging of dendritic spines</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/gFmGkUxtLlo/nrn3205</link>
<description>Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy has an extremely high (nanoscale) resolution, but this technique has not been applied in vivo in rodents. Here, the authors used STED microscopy to study neuron dynamics in vivo in the somatosensory cortex of adult mice. The images </description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Techniques: Nanoscale imaging of dendritic spines</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 153 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3205">doi:10.1038/nrn3205</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Leonie Welberg</p>
<p>Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy has an extremely high (nanoscale) resolution, but this technique has not been applied in vivo in rodents. Here, the authors used STED microscopy to study neuron dynamics in vivo in the somatosensory cortex of adult mice. The images </p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/gFmGkUxtLlo" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Techniques: Nanoscale imaging of dendritic spines</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Leonie Welberg</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3205</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 153 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-15</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3205</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3205</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>153</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>153</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3205</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3189">
                     <title>Neurodegenerative disorders: Microglia get ready, set...</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/CO_Np_pMYu0/nrn3189</link>
<description>Primed microglia are associated with accelerated decline in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, and a new study indicates that the dysregulation of certain proteins of the alternative complement pathway might trigger the priming process.</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Neurodegenerative disorders: Microglia get ready, set...</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 154 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3189">doi:10.1038/nrn3189</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Sian Lewis</p>
<p>Primed microglia are associated with accelerated decline in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, and a new study indicates that the dysregulation of certain proteins of the alternative complement pathway might trigger the priming process.</p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/CO_Np_pMYu0" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Neurodegenerative disorders: Microglia get ready, set...</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Sian Lewis</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3189</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 154 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-01-25</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3189</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3189</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>154</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>155</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3189</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3190">
                     <title>Pain: A new trick for opioids?</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/2nHOzG45T-E/nrn3190</link>
<description>An acute high dose of an opioid agonist may be able to reverse the synaptic plasticity associated with chronic pain.</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Pain: A new trick for opioids?</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 154 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3190">doi:10.1038/nrn3190</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Katherine Whalley</p>
<p>An acute high dose of an opioid agonist may be able to reverse the synaptic plasticity associated with chronic pain.</p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/2nHOzG45T-E" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Pain: A new trick for opioids?</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Katherine Whalley</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3190</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 154 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-01</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3190</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3190</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>154</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>155</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3190</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3188">
                     <title>Consciousness: Effective detection</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/sfKhl3Q2Ex4/nrn3188</link>
<description>A new 'bedside' method that detects effective connectivity can discriminate between the vegetative state and the minimally conscious state.</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Consciousness: Effective detection</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 155 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3188">doi:10.1038/nrn3188</a>
</p>
<p>Author: Leonie Welberg</p>
<p>A new 'bedside' method that detects effective connectivity can discriminate between the vegetative state and the minimally conscious state.</p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/sfKhl3Q2Ex4" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Consciousness: Effective detection</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Leonie Welberg</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3188</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 155 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-01-25</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3188</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3188</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Research Highlight</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>155</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>155</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3188</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3168">
                     <title>Understanding calcium waves and sparks in central neurons</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/S8hF44_k-J0/nrn3168</link>
<description>All cells use changes in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) to regulate cell signalling events. In neurons, with their elaborate dendritic and axonal arborizations, there are clear examples of both localized and widespread Ca2+ signals. [Ca2+]i</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Understanding calcium waves and sparks in central neurons</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 157 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3168">doi:10.1038/nrn3168</a>
</p>
<p>Author: William N. Ross</p>
<p>All cells use changes in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) to regulate cell signalling events. In neurons, with their elaborate dendritic and axonal arborizations, there are clear examples of both localized and widespread Ca2+ signals. [Ca2+]i</p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/S8hF44_k-J0" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Understanding calcium waves and sparks in central neurons</dc:title>
<dc:creator>William N. Ross</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3168</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 157 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-08</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3168</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3168</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Review</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>157</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>168</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3168</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3192">
                     <title>Mechanisms of CaMKII action in long-term potentiation</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/o8bJw606y28/nrn3192</link>
<description>Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength occurs during learning and can last for long periods, making it a probable mechanism for memory storage. LTP induction results in calcium entry, which activates calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). CaMKII subsequently translocates to the synapse, where it binds </description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Mechanisms of CaMKII action in long-term potentiation</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 169 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3192">doi:10.1038/nrn3192</a>
</p>
<p>Authors: John Lisman, Ryohei Yasuda &amp; Sridhar Raghavachari</p>
<p>Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength occurs during learning and can last for long periods, making it a probable mechanism for memory storage. LTP induction results in calcium entry, which activates calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). CaMKII subsequently translocates to the synapse, where it binds </p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/o8bJw606y28" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Mechanisms of CaMKII action in long-term potentiation</dc:title>
<dc:creator>John Lisman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryohei Yasuda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar Raghavachari</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3192</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 169 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-15</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3192</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3192</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Review</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>169</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>182</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3192</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3176">
                     <title>Assembly of a new growth cone after axotomy: the precursor to axon regeneration</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/QPx1k357Mp4/nrn3176</link>
<description>The assembly of a new growth cone is a prerequisite for axon regeneration after injury. Creation of a new growth cone involves multiple processes, including calcium signalling, restructuring of the cytoskeleton, transport of materials, local translation of messenger RNAs and the insertion of new membrane </description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Assembly of a new growth cone after axotomy: the precursor to axon regeneration</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 183 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3176">doi:10.1038/nrn3176</a>
</p>
<p>Authors: Frank Bradke, James W. Fawcett &amp; Micha E. Spira</p>
<p>The assembly of a new growth cone is a prerequisite for axon regeneration after injury. Creation of a new growth cone involves multiple processes, including calcium signalling, restructuring of the cytoskeleton, transport of materials, local translation of messenger RNAs and the insertion of new membrane </p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/QPx1k357Mp4" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Assembly of a new growth cone after axotomy: the precursor to axon regeneration</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Frank Bradke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James W. Fawcett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micha E. Spira</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3176</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 183 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-15</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3176</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3176</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Review</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>183</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>193</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3176</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3165">
                     <title>Direction selectivity in the retina: symmetry and asymmetry in structure and function</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/KvmwlMQ70BE/nrn3165</link>
<description>Visual information is processed in the retina to a remarkable degree before it is transmitted to higher visual centres. Several types of retinal ganglion cells (the output neurons of the retina) respond preferentially to image motion in a particular direction, and each type of direction-selective </description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[

<p>
<b>Direction selectivity in the retina: symmetry and asymmetry in structure and function</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 194 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3165">doi:10.1038/nrn3165</a>
</p>
<p>Authors: David I. Vaney, Benjamin Sivyer &amp; W. Rowland Taylor</p>
<p>Visual information is processed in the retina to a remarkable degree before it is transmitted to higher visual centres. Several types of retinal ganglion cells (the output neurons of the retina) respond preferentially to image motion in a particular direction, and each type of direction-selective </p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/KvmwlMQ70BE" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Direction selectivity in the retina: symmetry and asymmetry in structure and function</dc:title>
<dc:creator>David I. Vaney</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Sivyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W. Rowland Taylor</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3165</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 194 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-02-08</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3165</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3165</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Review</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>194</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>208</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3165</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3151">
                     <title>Recruiting adaptive cellular stress responses for successful brain ageing</title>
<link>http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~3/VUJW2XC9-wc/nrn3151</link>
<description>Successful ageing is determined in part by genetic background, but also by experiential factors associated with lifestyle and culture. Dietary, behavioural and pharmacological interventions have been identified as potential means to slow brain ageing and forestall neurodegenerative disease. Many of these interventions recruit adaptive cellular </description>
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<p>
<b>Recruiting adaptive cellular stress responses for successful brain ageing</b>
</p>
<p>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 209 (2012).  
            <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3151">doi:10.1038/nrn3151</a>
</p>
<p>Authors: Alexis M. Stranahan &amp; Mark P. Mattson</p>
<p>Successful ageing is determined in part by genetic background, but also by experiential factors associated with lifestyle and culture. Dietary, behavioural and pharmacological interventions have been identified as potential means to slow brain ageing and forestall neurodegenerative disease. Many of these interventions recruit adaptive cellular </p>
<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/nrn/rss/current/~4/VUJW2XC9-wc" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>
<dc:title>Recruiting adaptive cellular stress responses for successful brain ageing</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Alexis M. Stranahan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark P. Mattson</dc:creator>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1038/nrn3151</dc:identifier>
<dc:source>Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 209 (2012)</dc:source>
<dc:date>2012-01-18</dc:date>
<prism:publicationName>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</prism:publicationName>
<prism:publicationDate>2012-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:doi>10.1038/nrn3151</prism:doi>
<prism:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3151</prism:url>
<prism:volume>13</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:section>Perspectives</prism:section>
<prism:startingPage>209</prism:startingPage>
<prism:endingPage>216</prism:endingPage>
<feedburner:origLink>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3151</feedburner:origLink></item>
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