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NMDAR inhibition-independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolites
The metabolism of ketamine to (2S,6S;2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) is essential for its antidepressant effects, and the (2R,6R)-HNK enantiomer lacks ketamine-related side effects but exerts rapid and sustained antidepressant actions in mice; these antidepressant effects are independent of NMDAR inhibition but require AMPAR activity.
- Panos Zanos
- , Ruin Moaddel
- & Todd D. Gould
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SHANK3 overexpression causes manic-like behaviour with unique pharmacogenetic properties
Mouse and human studies reveal that incorrect gene dosage of SHANK3 (a gene linked to some human neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder) is associated with behavioural abnormalities including mania, possibly because of actin regulation problems in excitatory/inhibitory synapses.
- Kihoon Han
- , J. Lloyd Holder Jr
- & Huda Y. Zoghbi