Retrovirus articles within Nature

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  • Article
    | Open Access

    Dissection of the nuclear pore complex provides a model in which the HIV capsid enters the nucleus through karyopherin mimicry, a mechanism likely to be conserved across other viruses.

    • C. F. Dickson
    • , S. Hertel
    •  & D. A. Jacques

  • Article
    | Open Access

    The authors report the cryo-EM structure of human A3G bound to HIV-1 Vif, and the hijacked cellular proteins that promote ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, suggesting how Vif antagonizes A3G by intercepting it to prevent viral restriction.

    • Yen-Li Li
    • , Caroline A. Langley
    •  & John D. Gross

  • Article
    | Open Access

    A proteogenomic profiling analysis of single cells from the blood and lymph nodes of individuals living with HIV-1 reveals that CD4+ memory T cells harbouring intact provirus show signatures associated with resistance to immune-mediated killing and cell survival.

    • Weiwei Sun
    • , Ce Gao
    •  & Mathias Lichterfeld

  • Article
    | Open Access

    A clinical study shows that immunotherapy with anti-HIV-1 antibodies maintains prolonged viral suppression after anti-retroviral treatment is discontinued and affects the size and composition of the intact but not the defective proviral reservoir.

    • Christian Gaebler
    • , Lilian Nogueira
    •  & Michel C. Nussenzweig

  • Article
    | Open Access

    A single dose of a small-molecule HIV capsid inhibitor provides long-term protection from repeated simian–human immunodeficiency virus challenges in macaques and might serve as a novel strategy for HIV prevention in humans.

    • Samuel J. Vidal
    • , Elena Bekerman
    •  & Dan H. Barouch

  • Letter |

    An adult infected with HIV-1 who underwent allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for Hodgkin’s lymphoma using cells from a CCR5Δ32/Δ32 donor achieved full remission of HIV-1 for 18 months after transplantation and 16 months after cessation of antiretroviral therapy.

    • Ravindra K. Gupta
    • , Sultan Abdul-Jawad
    •  & Eduardo Olavarria

  • Letter |

    In mammalian cells, NP220 is a key protein that recruits the HUSH complex, SETDB1 and the histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC4 to silence unintegrated retroviral DNA.

    • Yiping Zhu
    • , Gary Z. Wang
    •  & Stephen P. Goff

  • Article |

    In monkeys infected with an AIDS-like virus, a combination of a broadly neutralizing antibody and an immune stimulator during antiretroviral therapy suppressed viral rebound after antiretroviral drug discontinuation.

    • Erica N. Borducchi
    • , Jinyan Liu
    •  & Dan H. Barouch

  • Letter |

    Vertebrate genomes contain fewer CG dinucleotides than would be expected by chance, and this pattern is mimicked by many viruses; HIV-1 derivatives mutated to contain more CG dinucleotides are targeted by the human antiviral protein ZAP, suggesting that CG suppression has evolved in viruses to evade recognition.

    • Matthew A. Takata
    • , Daniel Gonçalves-Carneiro
    •  & Paul D. Bieniasz

  • Letter |

    Early administration of broadly neutralizing antibodies in a macaque SHIV infection model is associated with very low levels of persistent viraemia, which leads to the establishment of T-cell immunity and resultant long-term infection control.

    • Yoshiaki Nishimura
    • , Rajeev Gautam
    •  & Malcolm A. Martin

  • Article |

    By examining viral sequences in lymphoid tissue from three HIV-1-infected individuals receiving drug therapy, the authors find phylogenetic evidence for ongoing virus replication, suggesting that the antiretroviral drug concentration in the lymphoid tissue is insufficient to fully suppress the virus; using a mathematical model, they further explain why drug resistance does not necessarily arise as a result.

    • Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
    • , Helen R. Fryer
    •  & Steven M. Wolinsky

  • Article |

    The transmembrane proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5 are identified as new restriction factors for HIV-1 replication; this restriction is counteracted by Nef and glycoGag, which prevent SERINC3 and SERINC5 from becoming incorporated into HIV-1 virions and from profoundly blocking HIV-1 infectivity, suggesting a potential new therapeutic strategy for immunodeficiency viruses.

    • Yoshiko Usami
    • , Yuanfei Wu
    •  & Heinrich G. Göttlinger

  • Letter |

    Retroviruses such as HIV rely on the intasome, a tetramer of integrase protein bound to the viral DNA ends interacting with host chromatin, for integration into the host genome; the structure of the intasome as it interacts with a nucleosome is now solved, giving insight into the integration process.

    • Daniel P. Maskell
    • , Ludovic Renault
    •  & Peter Cherepanov

  • Letter |

    To prime reverse transcription of Moloney murine leukaemia virus, a transfer RNA molecule must bind two regions of the retroviral RNA, the primer binding site (PBS) and primer activation signal within the U5-PBS; here, the NMR structures of the U5-PBS RNA and tRNA primer are solved, with and without the retroviral nucleocapsid protein, which remodels these regions.

    • Sarah B. Miller
    • , F. Zehra Yildiz
    •  & Victoria M. D’Souza

  • Letter |

    Reservoirs of virus infection represent the most important reason why HIV-1 cannot be cured with current antiretroviral drugs; now the refractory viral reservoir is shown to be seeded as early as 3 days after infection in a monkey model, even before the virus is detected in the blood.

    • James B. Whitney
    • , Alison L. Hill
    •  & Dan H. Barouch

  • Article |

    Treatment of SHIV-infected monkeys with potent broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies resulted in rapid control of viral replication in both peripheral blood and tissues; viral rebound was linked to decreasing antibody concentrations and not the generation of escape mutations, and setpoint viral load following viral rebound remained lower than the initial baseline viral load.

    • Dan H. Barouch
    • , James B. Whitney
    •  & Dennis R. Burton

  • Letter |

    Novel pathogenic infectious retroviruses, generated by recombination between replication-defective endogenous retroviruses in the absence of a functional antibody response, are identified; these recombinant retroviruses establish infection of mouse colonies and ultimately cause cancer.

    • George R. Young
    • , Urszula Eksmond
    •  & George Kassiotis

  • Letter |

    The HIV virion has a cone-shaped core composed of capsid proteins, which take either pentameric or hexameric form. The crystal structure of the capsid hexamer had been solved previously. Now the structure of the pentamer is provided, which allows the proposal of the first atomic-level model of the mature HIV capsid.

    • Owen Pornillos
    • , Barbie K. Ganser-Pornillos
    •  & Mark Yeager

  • Letter |

    Insertion of retrovirus genome into host genome to replicate is mediated by a tetramer of the virus-encoded integrase protein. The structure of a related integrase from prototype foamy virus bound to the cleaved viral DNA ends, a complex called the intasome, was previously revealed. These authors solve the structure of the intasome interacting with the target host DNA both before and after it is cleaved, revealing new details of the integration process that may help in designing improved inhibitors of HIV.

    • Goedele N. Maertens
    • , Stephen Hare
    •  & Peter Cherepanov

  • News & Views |

    Spikes on the surface of HIV to which antibodies can bind are sparse. One of nature's solutions is to sometimes produce antibodies that bind tightly to a spike with one arm and grab another structure with the other arm. See Letter p.591

    • Andreas Plückthun

  • News & Views |

    Every machine is made of parts. But, as the new structure of the HIV integrase enzyme in complex with viral DNA shows, one could not have predicted from the individual parts just how this machine works.

    • Robert Craigie

  • Letter |

    Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are widely dispersed in mammalian genomes, and are silenced in somatic cells by DNA methylation. Here, an ERV silencing pathway independent of DNA methylation is shown to operate in embryonic stem cells. The pathway involves the histone H3K9 methyltransferase ESET and might be important for ERV silencing during the stages in embryogenesis when DNA methylation is reprogrammed.

    • Toshiyuki Matsui
    • , Danny Leung
    •  & Yoichi Shinkai

  • Letter |

    Much of the mammalian genome is derived from retroelements, a significant proportion of which are endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). ERVs are transcriptionally silenced during early embryogenesis by histone and DNA methylation, but the initiators of this process are largely unknown. Here, deletion of KAP1 is shown to lead to a marked upregulation of a range of ERVs in mouse embryonic stem cells and in early embryos.

    • Helen M. Rowe
    • , Johan Jakobsson
    •  & Didier Trono

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