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Reducing brassinosteroid signalling enhances grain yield in semi-dwarf wheat
A strategy that depends on attenuated brassinosteroid signalling is described for the design of semi-dwarf wheat varieties with improved grain yield compared with that of green revolution varieties.
- Long Song
- , Jie Liu
- & Zhongfu Ni
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Article |
NLR surveillance of pathogen interference with hormone receptors induces immunity
The tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus nonstructural protein NSs interferes with phytohormone signalling in plants to compromise plant defences by interacting with plant TCP21—this effect of the viral protein is counteracted by the plant NLR immune receptor protein Tsw.
- Jing Chen
- , Yanxiao Zhao
- & Xiaorong Tao
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Article |
Adenylate cyclase activity of TIR1/AFB auxin receptors in plants
Adenylate cyclase activity in TIR1/AFB, the canonical auxin receptor, has an essential role in auxin-mediated root growth inhibition in land plants.
- Linlin Qi
- , Mateusz Kwiatkowski
- & Jiří Friml
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Article
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Structural insights into auxin recognition and efflux by Arabidopsis PIN1
Structures of the Arabidopsis thaliana auxin exporter PIN1 in the apo state, bound to the natural auxin or bound to an inhibitor provide insights into the polar auxin transport mechanisms mediated by PIN family transporters.
- Zhisen Yang
- , Jing Xia
- & Linfeng Sun
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Structures and mechanisms of the Arabidopsis auxin transporter PIN3
Arabidopsis thaliana PIN3 structures reveal the molecular mechanisms of the transport of indole-3-acetic acid and the inhibition of polar auxin transport by N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid.
- Nannan Su
- , Aiqin Zhu
- & Jiangtao Guo
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Article
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Structures and mechanism of the plant PIN-FORMED auxin transporter
Structural and biophysical analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana auxin transporter PIN8 reveal that PIN transporters export auxin using an elevator mechanism.
- Kien Lam Ung
- , Mikael Winkler
- & Bjørn Panyella Pedersen
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Article
| Open Access
Increasing the resilience of plant immunity to a warming climate
Suppression of salicylic acid production in Arabidopsis thaliana at high temperature is caused by decreased recruitment of GUANYLATE BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 3 defence-associated condensates on promoter sites of master immune regulatory genes.
- Jong Hum Kim
- , Christian Danve M. Castroverde
- & Sheng Yang He
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Cell surface and intracellular auxin signalling for H+ fluxes in root growth
Auxin rapidly modulates root growth through simultaneous activation of two opposing mechanisms—TMK1-mediated apoplast acidification and TIR1/AFB-mediated apoplast alkalinization.
- Lanxin Li
- , Inge Verstraeten
- & Jiří Friml
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Article
| Open Access
TMK-based cell-surface auxin signalling activates cell-wall acidification
Auxin induces transmembrane-kinase-dependent activation of H+-ATPase in the plasma membrane through phosphorylation of its penultimate threonine residue, promoting apoplastic acidification and hypocotyl cell elongation in Arabidopsis.
- Wenwei Lin
- , Xiang Zhou
- & Zhenbiao Yang
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Discovery, characterization and engineering of ligases for amide synthesis
A family of enzymes—coronafacic acid ligases, involved in the synthesis of bacterial phytotoxins—are found to catalyse amide bond formation with a wide range of substrates.
- Michael Winn
- , Michael Rowlinson
- & Jason Micklefield
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Article
| Open Access
A biosensor for the direct visualization of auxin
A genetically encoded sensor for the quantitative visualization of auxin distribution in plants enables real-time monitoring of its uptake and clearance by individual cells and within cellular compartments.
- Ole Herud-Sikimić
- , Andre C. Stiel
- & Gerd Jürgens
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A network of transcriptional repressors modulates auxin responses
Genes encoding the class A auxin-response factor group of plant transcriptional activators reside in constitutively open chromatin, enabling their continual regulation by transcriptional repressors to modulate auxin signalling throughout development.
- Jekaterina Truskina
- , Jingyi Han
- & Teva Vernoux
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Structural basis of salicylic acid perception by Arabidopsis NPR proteins
Structural determination of the salicylic-acid-binding core of Arabidopsis NPR4 sheds light on the mechanisms through which this plant hormone interacts with its receptors, providing insights that are of potential use in engineering enhanced immunity.
- Wei Wang
- , John Withers
- & Ning Zheng
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Antagonistic regulation of the gibberellic acid response during stem growth in rice
Stem growth in rice is regulated by an accelerator gene and a decelerator gene in parallel with gibberellic acid, and the opposite selection of these genes has led to adaptations to different environments.
- Keisuke Nagai
- , Yoshinao Mori
- & Motoyuki Ashikari
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Extensive signal integration by the phytohormone protein network
A systems-level map of the Arabidopsis hormone signalling network, comprising more than 2,000 binary protein–protein interactions, reveals hundreds of interpathway contact points, many of which mediate crosstalk between different hormone pathways.
- Melina Altmann
- , Stefan Altmann
- & Pascal Falter-Braun
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Transcriptional regulation of strigolactone signalling in Arabidopsis
Many of the molecular targets of strigolactones—plant hormones involved in development and in interactions with symbiotic and parasitic organisms—are uncovered, revealing how strigolactones function and an intriguing role for self-regulation of a downstream transcription factor.
- Lei Wang
- , Bing Wang
- & Jiayang Li
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Letter |
TMK1-mediated auxin signalling regulates differential growth of the apical hook
In Arabidopsis thaliana, a newly identified auxin signalling pathway that involves TMK1 protein cleavage and IAA32 and IAA34 transcriptional repressors mediates complex developmental outcomes by allowing distinct interpretations of varying concentrations of cellular auxin.
- Min Cao
- , Rong Chen
- & Tongda Xu
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Letter |
Mobile PEAR transcription factors integrate positional cues to prime cambial growth
Radial growth in the roots of Arabidopsis, which is mediated by gene expression activated by the mobile PEAR1 and PEAR2 transcription factors, is initiated around protophloem-sieve-element cell files of procambial tissue.
- Shunsuke Miyashima
- , Pawel Roszak
- & Ykä Helariutta
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Letter |
High levels of auxin signalling define the stem-cell organizer of the vascular cambium
In the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, cells with xylem identity and high levels of auxin signalling function as organizer cells that direct neighbouring vascular cambial cells to act as stem cells.
- Ondřej Smetana
- , Riikka Mäkilä
- & Ari Pekka Mähönen
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Structural plasticity of D3–D14 ubiquitin ligase in strigolactone signalling
The plant F-box protein D3 has a C-terminal α-helix that switches between two conformational states, allowing the α/β hydrolase D14 to recruit the transcription repressor D53 for strigolactone-dependent degradation.
- Nitzan Shabek
- , Fabrizio Ticchiarelli
- & Ning Zheng
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Modulating plant growth–metabolism coordination for sustainable agriculture
The balance of DELLA and GRF4 proteins in plants ensures the co-regulation of growth with metabolism and tipping this balance towards GRF4 leads to higher efficiency of nitrogen use.
- Shan Li
- , Yonghang Tian
- & Xiangdong Fu
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Letter |
A molecular rheostat adjusts auxin flux to promote root protophloem differentiation
The coordinated action of BREVIS RADIX (BRX) and PROTEIN KINASE ASSOCIATED WITH BRX (PAX) regulates auxin flux during the development of protophloem sieve elements in the root meristem of Arabidopsis.
- P. Marhava
- , A. E. L. Bassukas
- & C. S. Hardtke
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Letter |
Diffusible repression of cytokinin signalling produces endodermal symmetry and passage cells
In an Arabidopsis model, repression of cytokinin in the root meristem produces a distinct population of xylem-pole endodermal cells, which resist suberization to become passage cells that enable transport across the otherwise-impermeable endodermis.
- Tonni Grube Andersen
- , Sadaf Naseer
- & Niko Geldner
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Letter |
DWARF14 is a non-canonical hormone receptor for strigolactone
Structural, biochemical, mass spectrometry and genetic analyses define Arabidopsis thaliana AtD14 as a non-canonical hormone receptor for strigolactone, which hydrolyses strigolactone into a covalently linked intermediate molecule and undergoes an open-to-closed state transition for interaction with D3 to trigger strigolactone signalling.
- Ruifeng Yao
- , Zhenhua Ming
- & Daoxin Xie
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Letter |
Allosteric receptor activation by the plant peptide hormone phytosulfokine
Insights derived from the crystal structures of the extracellular domain of PSKR, the receptor for the plant hormone phytosulfokine (PSK) that affects plant growth and development, reveal that PSK interacts with PSKR and enhances PSKR interaction with its co-receptor SERK allosterically.
- Jizong Wang
- , Hongju Li
- & Jijie Chai
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Letter |
Structural basis of JAZ repression of MYC transcription factors in jasmonate signalling
Structural view of a dynamic molecular switch mechanism that governs repression and activation of the jasmonate plant hormone pathway.
- Feng Zhang
- , Jian Yao
- & Sheng Yang He
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Letter |
Inhibition of cell expansion by rapid ABP1-mediated auxin effect on microtubules
In roots and dark-grown hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana, ABP1-mediated auxin signalling induces swift re-orientation of the microtubule cytoskeleton from transverse to longitudinal, thus inhibiting cell expansion.
- Xu Chen
- , Laurie Grandont
- & Jiří Friml
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Letter |
PLETHORA gradient formation mechanism separates auxin responses
Through a combination of experimental and computational approaches, the interplay between the plant hormone auxin and the auxin-induced PLETHORA transcription factors is shown to control zonation and gravity-prompted growth movements in plants.
- Ari Pekka Mähönen
- , Kirsten ten Tusscher
- & Ben Scheres
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D14–SCFD3-dependent degradation of D53 regulates strigolactone signalling
Strigolactones (SLs), key regulators of plant growth, are believed to mediate their responses through a proposed receptor (D14) that interacts with an F-box protein (D3) to form a D14–SCFD3 protein complex; here the perception of SLs by the D14–SCFD3 complex and the control of gene expression are linked by the finding that DWARF 53, a repressor protein of SL function, interacts with the D14–SCFD3 complex and is ubiquitinated and degraded in a SL-dependent manner.
- Feng Zhou
- , Qibing Lin
- & Jianmin Wan
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Article |
NPR3 and NPR4 are receptors for the immune signal salicylic acid in plants
Plant resistance to pathogen challenge is thought to be mediated through salicylic acid (SA) signalling; here NPR3 and NPR4, paralogues of the transcription cofactor NPR1, are identified as receptors of SA.
- Zheng Qing Fu
- , Shunping Yan
- & Xinnian Dong
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Letter |
A novel putative auxin carrier family regulates intracellular auxin homeostasis in plants
The identification of PILS proteins, putative auxin transport facilitators, suggests that intracellular auxin transport might be evolutionarily older than directional, cell-to-cell PIN-dependent auxin transport, and highlights the developmental importance of intracellular auxin transport.
- Elke Barbez
- , Martin Kubeš
- & Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
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Letter |
Brassinosteroid regulates stomatal development by GSK3-mediated inhibition of a MAPK pathway
Brassinosteroid inhibits stomatal development by alleviating GSK3-mediated inhibition of a MAPK module, revealing a link between a plant MAPKKK and its upstream regulators, and between brassinosteroid and a specific developmental output.
- Tae-Wuk Kim
- , Marta Michniewicz
- & Zhi-Yong Wang
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Letter |
A novel sensor to map auxin response and distribution at high spatio-temporal resolution
A new auxin sensor is used to reveal complex dynamic patterns of hormone distribution in development.
- Géraldine Brunoud
- , Darren M. Wells
- & Teva Vernoux
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Structural basis of steroid hormone perception by the receptor kinase BRI1
- Michael Hothorn
- , Youssef Belkhadir
- & Joanne Chory
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Article |
Jasmonate perception by inositol-phosphate-potentiated COI1–JAZ co-receptor
The F-box protein CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1) mediates jasmonate signalling by promoting hormone-dependent ubiquitylation and degradation of the JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) family of transcriptional repressors. These authors elucidate the mechanism of jasmonate perception. They present structural and pharmacological data to show that the true jasmonate receptor is a complex of both COI1 and JAZ. In addition, inositol pentakisphosphate functions as a critical component of the hormone receptor complex.
- Laura B. Sheard
- , Xu Tan
- & Ning Zheng
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Letter |
Hormonal control of the shoot stem-cell niche
- Zhong Zhao
- , Stig U. Andersen
- & Jan U. Lohmann
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Letter |
NINJA connects the co-repressor TOPLESS to jasmonate signalling
In plants, the hormone jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) regulates growth, development and defence against pathogens. Proteins of the JAZ family repress JA-Ile-dependent gene expression, but the mechanism has been unclear. Here, an adaptor protein, NINJA, has been identified, which recruits co-repressor proteins that are known to mediate auxin-responsive gene expression as well. Hence these co-repressors are part of general repression complexes that are recruited to several different signalling pathways.
- Laurens Pauwels
- , Gemma Fernández Barbero
- & Alain Goossens
The temperature sensor TWA1 is required for thermotolerance in Arabidopsis
Structural insight into brassinosteroid perception by BRI1