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| Open AccessGlobal expansion of tropical cyclone precipitation footprint
The tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation footprint has expanded globally. Interpretable machine learning reveals that this footprint is majorly controlled by TC wind speed, location, sea surface temperature, wind shear, and total water column vapor.
- Lianjie Qin
- , Laiyin Zhu
- & Jianguo Chen
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Article
| Open AccessAtmospheric emissions of hexachlorobutadiene in fine particulate matter from industrial sources
Recognition on sources of hexachlorobutadiene is needed for their global control. This study clarifies hexachlorobutadiene emission factors from 121 industrial plants assigned to 12 industries and establishes their global emission inventory.
- Chenyan Zhao
- , Lili Yang
- & Guibin Jiang
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Article
| Open AccessChanges in planned and unplanned canopy openings are linked in Europe’s forests
Forest canopy openings may be caused by planned human intervention or by drivers such as fire, wind disturbance and pest outbreaks. Here, the authors present a high-resolution map and attribution analysis showing that planned and unplanned canopy openings often co-occur in European forests.
- Rupert Seidl
- & Cornelius Senf
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Article
| Open AccessAsymmetric magma plumbing system beneath Axial Seamount based on full waveform inversion of seismic data
This study illustrates an asymmetric magmatic plumbing system beneath Axial Seamong along Juan de Fuca ridge. The work provides insights into the magma pathways that fed recent eruptions.
- Jidong Yang
- , Hejun Zhu
- & Jianwei Ma
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Article
| Open AccessClimate extremes in Svalbard over the last two millennia are linked to atmospheric blocking
The study links heavy past rainfall events in Svalbard to Scandinavian blocking. Lake sediment data spanning the last 2 millennia warns of worse floods with continued warming, especially intense during atmospheric blocking conditions.
- Francois Lapointe
- , Ambarish V. Karmalkar
- & Feng Wang
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Article
| Open AccessCross-shore parallel tidal channel systems formed by alongshore currents
Cross-shore channels can counterintuitively form at coasts dominated by alongshore currents. Sharp changes in bed elevation around the mean sea level lead to nearly 90-degree intersection angles between the channel and the shoreline.
- Zeng Zhou
- , Yizhang Wei
- & Giovanni Coco
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Perspective
| Open AccessEarthquake energy dissipation in a fracture mechanics framework
Earthquakes are rupture-like processes that propagate along tectonic faults and cause seismic waves. Here, the authors present the challenges associated with defining and measuring the energy dissipation in laboratory and natural earthquakes across many scales.
- David S. Kammer
- , Gregory C. McLaskey
- & Elisa Tinti
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Article
| Open AccessCircumventing bottlenecks in H2O2 photosynthesis over carbon nitride with iodine redox chemistry and electric field effects
H2O2 photosynthesis using g-C3N4 is considered an alternative to anthraquinone processes. Inspired by the optical instability of potassium iodide, the I− /I3− internal redox mediator and external electric field are integrated into the g-C3N4, achieving satisfactory H2O2 production.
- Chang-Wei Bai
- , Lian-Lian Liu
- & Han-Qing Yu
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Article
| Open AccessComparing costs and climate impacts of various electric vehicle charging systems across the United States
Results show meaningful variations in electric vehicle costs and emissions benefits across the United States, differing by vehicle category and charging systems: Direct Current Fast Charging, Battery Swapping, and Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer.
- Noah Horesh
- , David A. Trinko
- & Jason C. Quinn
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Article
| Open AccessRegional uniqueness of tree species composition and response to forest loss and climate change
This study maps global tree composition in forests and assesses the impacts of historical forest cover loss and climate change. The results highlight the need for preserving the remaining large forest biomes, while regenerating degraded forests in a way that provides resilience against climate change.
- Nina van Tiel
- , Fabian Fopp
- & Loïc Pellissier
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Article
| Open AccessNon-linear relationships between daily temperature extremes and US agricultural yields uncovered by global gridded meteorological datasets
Estimating weather-induced shocks on food production requires reliable global weather datasets. Here, the authors compare global (GMFD and ERA5-Land) and regional (PRISM) datasets, showing that global datasets can uncover non-linear temperature relationships despite their lower predictive skill.
- Dylan Hogan
- & Wolfram Schlenker
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Article
| Open AccessGlobal biogeography of microbes driving ocean ecological status under climate change
Zhang et al. propose the ecological status of the ocean by considering microbial diversity, structure, and biogeochemical potential. Ecological status of 32.44% surface ocean will change due to climate change in 2100, assuming no policy intervention.
- Zhenyan Zhang
- , Qi Zhang
- & Haifeng Qian
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Article
| Open AccessPositive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types
Alternative stable states in forests have implications for the biosphere. Here, the authors combine forest biodiversity observations and simulations revealing that leaf types across temperate regions of the NH follow a bimodal distribution suggesting signatures of alternative forest states.
- Yibiao Zou
- , Constantin M. Zohner
- & Thomas W. Crowther
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Matters Arising
| Open AccessStructure of equations for gravity mass flows with entrainment
- Dieter Issler
- , Peter Gauer
- & Hervé Vicari
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Article
| Open AccessHeatwave attribution based on reliable operational weather forecasts
The 2021 Pacific Northwest Heatwave challenged standard attribution methods. The authors use a weather model that predicted the event to quantify human impact on the heat, suggesting that such models could be used broadly to assess changing weather risk.
- Nicholas J. Leach
- , Christopher D. Roberts
- & Myles R. Allen
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Article
| Open AccessHydrogen peroxide serves as pivotal fountainhead for aerosol aqueous sulfate formation from a global perspective
The oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfate by hydrogen peroxide in aerosol water significantly impacts global continental regions. Abating oxidants can facilitate the benefit of sulfur dioxide reduction and positive feedback in sulfate mitigation.
- Jie Gao
- , Haoqi Wang
- & Guoliang Shi
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Comment
| Open AccessThe emerging picture of a complex core-mantle boundary
Recent seismological studies challenge the traditional view that the interface between the core and mantle is a straightforward discontinuity. As seismology is pushed to its observational limits, a complex - potentially compositionally layered - region between the core and mantle is emerging.
- Stuart Russell
- , Jessica C. E. Irving
- & Sanne Cottaar
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Article
| Open AccessMultivariate extremes in lakes
Satellite data reveals a rise in multivariate extreme events in lakes since the 1980s, largely linked to agricultural practices and mean climatic warming.
- R. Iestyn Woolway
- , Yan Tong
- & Kun Shi
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Article
| Open AccessUniformly elevated future heat stress in China driven by spatially heterogeneous water vapor changes
Attributing spatially heterogeneous heat stress trends to water vapor pressure changes driven by climate change-induced rapid warming in high-latitudes of East Asia, the authors predict widespread and uniform future heat stress in eastern China.
- Fan Wang
- , Meng Gao
- & Michael B. McElroy
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Article
| Open AccessHuman movement and environmental barriers shape the emergence of dengue
Here, using a dynamic modelling approach, the authors find that the spread of dengue through Mexico and Brazil is shaped by specific interactions between human mobility, climate, and the environment. Their models can also be applied to predict future spread in these geographic areas.
- Vinyas Harish
- , Felipe J. Colón-González
- & Oliver J. Brady
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Article
| Open AccessBiological fermentation pilot-scale systems and evaluation for commercial viability towards sustainable biohydrogen production
Biohydrogen production technologies effectively use waste biomass resources and produce high-purity hydrogen. Here, authors present and evaluate a continuous pilot-scale biohydrogen production system based on spectrum coupling, thermal effect, and multiphase flow properties of hydrogen production.
- Quanguo Zhang
- , Youzhou Jiao
- & Nadeem Tahir
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Article
| Open AccessPotential decoupling of CO2 and Hg uptake process by global vegetation in the 21st century
The uptake of gaseous elementary mercury by terrestrial vegetation in 2100 is likely to decrease by more than half compared to present-day conditions. This decrease is caused by the reduced stomatal conductance associated with increasing CO2 levels.
- Tengfei Yuan
- , Shaojian Huang
- & Yanxu Zhang
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Article
| Open AccessA tipping point in stable isotope composition of Antarctic meteoric waters during Cenozoic glaciation
Variations in the oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of meteoric waters are reconstructed using hydrothermally altered granitoids. These variations show major rearrangements in the Antarctic hydrological cycle during Cenozoic glaciation.
- Luigi Dallai
- & Zachary D. Sharp
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Article
| Open AccessAdopting yield-improving practices to meet maize demand in Sub-Saharan Africa without cropland expansion
Maize demand in Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to increase. Here, the authors use data collected by One Acre Fund on 14,773 smallholder fields in the region and determine that maize production can be increased with minimal cropland expansion by improving management practices.
- Fernando Aramburu-Merlos
- , Fatima A. M. Tenorio
- & Patricio Grassini
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Article
| Open AccessWhole-soil warming leads to substantial soil carbon emission in an alpine grassland
This study demonstrates that future whole-soil warming has a much stronger effect on soil carbon emission in the alpine grassland ecosystem than what is estimated by previous warming experiments which only warm surface soils mostly.
- Ying Chen
- , Wenkuan Qin
- & Biao Zhu
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Article
| Open AccessEarly aerial expedition photos reveal 85 years of glacier growth and stability in East Antarctica
Pre-satellite era observations of Antarctic glaciers are rare. A unique record of aerial expedition images of East Antarctic outlet glaciers since the 1930s reveal long-term stability and moderate thickening.
- Mads Dømgaard
- , Anders Schomacker
- & Anders A. Bjørk
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Article
| Open AccessEmergence of decadal linkage between Western Australian coast and Western–central tropical Pacific
This study identifies a decadal link between sea surface temperatures off Western Australia and the western-central tropical Pacific that has emerged since 1985. Driven by external forcings and the rapid changes in the Indo-Pacific warm pool, it may impact future climate.
- Yuewen Ding
- , Pengfei Lin
- & Weiqing Han
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Article
| Open AccessWidespread 2013-2020 decreases and reduction challenges of organic aerosol in China
Clean air actions affect air quality greatly. Here, the authors report widespread decreases in organic aerosol (OA) in China from 2013 to 2020 with primary OA decreasing more than secondary OA. However, further reductions are challenging.
- Qi Chen
- , Ruqian Miao
- & Tong Zhu
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Article
| Open AccessHumidity-tolerant porous polymer coating for passive daytime radiative cooling
A consistency issue with the production of porous polymer-based radiative coatings can be a significant drop in the cooling performance when dried under humid conditions. This issue is efficiently resolved by adding polymer reinforcement.
- Dongpyo Hong
- , Yong Joon Lee
- & Sang Yoon Park
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Article
| Open AccessA role for subducting clays in the water transportation into the Earth’s lower mantle
The breakdown of pyrophyllite, a hydrous clay mineral in the oceanic sediment, into further hydrated minerals during cold subduction may account for some 22% of water delivered to the lower mantle.
- Yoonah Bang
- , Huijeong Hwang
- & Yongjae Lee
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Article
| Open AccessIntegrated assessment modeling of a zero-emissions global transportation sector
To eliminate transport emissions by 2050, low carbon fuels must rapidly replace fossil fuels. The authors model these technological transitions for each transport mode and evaluate economy-wide tradeoffs of varied levels of transport decarbonization.
- Simone Speizer
- , Jay Fuhrman
- & Haewon McJeon
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Article
| Open AccessPhosphorus deficiency alleviates iron limitation in Synechocystis cyanobacteria through direct PhoB-mediated gene regulation
Iron and phosphorus exist at low concentrations in surface waters and may be co-limiting resources for phytoplankton growth. Here, the authors show that phosphorus deficiency increases the growth of iron-limited cyanobacteria through a PhoB-mediated regulatory network.
- Guo-Wei Qiu
- , Wen-Can Zheng
- & Bao-Sheng Qiu
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Article
| Open AccessRecent wetting trend over Taklamakan and Gobi Desert dominated by internal variability
The Taklamakan and Gobi Desert region has witnessed a significant rise in summer precipitation in recent decades. This study shows that atmospheric internal variability, rather than external forcings, is the main driver shaping this wetting trend.
- Wenhao Dong
- , Yi Ming
- & Zhaoyi Shen
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Article
| Open AccessCompound mortality impacts from extreme temperatures and the COVID-19 pandemic
Extreme weather and pandemics are classified as two of the most serious risks facing the UK in its National Risk Register. Here, the authors investigate the compound mortality impacts of extreme high and low temperatures and COVID-19 in England and Wales.
- Y. T. Eunice Lo
- , Dann M. Mitchell
- & Antonio Gasparrini
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Article
| Open AccessIdentifying rheological regimes within pyroclastic density currents
Jones et al., use a laboratory apparatus to perform rheological measurements on real gas-pyroclast mixtures to uncover the flow properties of pyroclastic density currents, a lethal volcanic hazard.
- Thomas. J. Jones
- , Abhishek Shetty
- & Helge M. Gonnermann
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Article
| Open AccessAn integrated spatio-temporal view of riverine biodiversity using environmental DNA metabarcoding
Using intensive eDNA sampling in space and time across five rivers in Europe and North America, this study shows that eDNA gives relevant information on freshwater diversity and ecology across broad taxonomic groups, and with limited downstream transport. The findings demonstrate that eDNA is vital for freshwater biodiversity monitoring in a time of anthropogenic change.
- William Bernard Perry
- , Mathew Seymour
- & Simon Creer
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Article
| Open AccessBiodiversity loss reduces global terrestrial carbon storage
Loss of vegetation carbon from biodiversity loss could rival emissions from other sources such as land-use change. This creates a feedback where climate change increases biodiversity loss, leading to greater emissions and more climate change.
- Sarah R. Weiskopf
- , Forest Isbell
- & Simon Ferrier
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Article
| Open AccessCentral-Pacific El Niño-Southern Oscillation less predictable under greenhouse warming
This study shows that the predictability of Central Pacific ENSO will be suppressed in response to global warming, driven by the faster warming over surface ocean in tropical Pacific and a consequent enhanced thermodynamical damping.
- Hui Chen
- , Yishuai Jin
- & Xiaopei Lin
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Article
| Open AccessEnvironmental conditions associated with initial northern expansion of anatomically modern humans
Past global human migration was the result of environmental and cultural factors. Here, the authors develop a statistical approach that combines archaeological, genetic, and palaeoclimate data to identify regional environmental conditions facilitating population expansion routes in northern Eurasia and the Americas.
- Frédérik Saltré
- , Joël Chadœuf
- & Corey J. A. Bradshaw
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Article
| Open AccessCopper isotopes track the Neoproterozoic oxidation of cratonic mantle roots
Copper isotopes in rifted alkaline rocks indicate that since the Neoproterozoic, cratonic mantle roots have been oxidized from metal-saturated environments with volatile CH4 and H2O to environments of stabilized CO2 and H2O and destabilized metals.
- Chunfei Chen
- , Stephen F. Foley
- & Yongsheng Liu
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Article
| Open AccessPressure stabilizes ferrous iron in bridgmanite under hydrous deep lower mantle conditions
The large low-shear-velocity anomalies in the deep lower mantle below 2300 km depth may relate to H2O-induced ferrous iron stability in bridgmanite, according to laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments.
- Li Zhang
- , Yongjin Chen
- & Ho-kwang Mao
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Article
| Open Access3D ocean assessments reveal that fisheries reach deep but marine protection remains shallow
The first three-dimensional spatial analysis of global marine conservation achievements and fisheries footprint reveals 3D conservation gaps and an underrepresentation of high protection levels across all depths while the 3D footprint of fisheries covers all depths.
- Juliette Jacquemont
- , Charles Loiseau
- & Joachim Claudet
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Article
| Open AccessSimultaneous rift-scale inflation of a deep crustal sill network in Afar, East Africa
This study shows that magma rising from deep in the Earth’s mantle is not a continuous process but occurs in episodes. This is observed in East Africa with simultaneously replenishing of four magma pockets.
- A. La Rosa
- , C. Pagli
- & D. Keir
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Article
| Open AccessAbsolute dating of the European Neolithic using the 5259 BC rapid 14C excursion
The Neolithic site of Dispilio, Northern Greece, is a pile-dwelling site with 900+ piles excavated. Here, the authors use the 5259 BC Miyake event to date the juniper tree-ring chronology constructed from these piles to 5140 BC, making it the first Neolithic site in the region to be absolutely calendar dated.
- Andrej Maczkowski
- , Charlotte Pearson
- & Albert Hafner
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Perspective
| Open AccessPlacing engineering in the earthquake response and the survival chain
This Perspective provides insightful discussion in how engineers can aid human health and safety during earthquake disasters. From search and rescue, helping mobilize patients, and securing medical facilities and treatment engineering can work towards bettering earthquake response.
- Luis Ceferino
- , Yvonne Merino
- & Baturalp Ozturk
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Article
| Open AccessRevealing trends and persistent cycles of non-autonomous systems with autonomous operator-theoretic techniques
Data-driven detection of governing rules and trends in dynamics of nonautonomous systems usually requires a significant amount of measured data. The authors propose an operator-theoretic technique for identifying trends and persistent cycles using data from a single measured trajectory, relevant for the analysis of climate dynamics.
- Gary Froyland
- , Dimitrios Giannakis
- & Joanna Slawinska
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Article
| Open AccessEmergent ribozyme behaviors in oxychlorine brines indicate a unique niche for molecular evolution on Mars
Mars, an attractive candidate for potential presence of extraterrestrial life, contains oxychlorine species such as perchlorate at its surface. Here, the authors show perchlorate brines support folding and catalysis of functional RNAs, while inactivating representative protein enzymes, and that perchlorate enables new ribozyme functions, including ribozyme catalyzed chlorination of organic molecules.
- Tanner G. Hoog
- , Matthew R. Pawlak
- & Aaron E. Engelhart
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Article
| Open AccessEstablishing flood thresholds for sea level rise impact communication
Using machine learning algorithms, this study estimates sea level rise and high tide flooding thresholds every 10 km along the United States’ coasts, complementing conventional linear-/point-based estimates and offering insights for ungauged areas.
- Sadaf Mahmoudi
- , Hamed Moftakhari
- & Hamid Moradkhani
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Article
| Open AccessSpatial disparities in the mortality burden of the covid-19 pandemic across 569 European regions (2020-2021)
Excess mortality can be used as an indicator of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, the authors estimate excess mortality in 569 European regions in 25 countries for 2020 and 2021 and describe how impacts changed over time.
- Florian Bonnet
- , Pavel Grigoriev
- & Carlo-Giovanni Camarda